Sγur Stefan Anitei 
14 Γuct, 2007 

Gar tgara n lqern wis 8 ed tgara n lqern wis 10, Inuṛwijiyen iqburen [neγ wid umi neγγar Ivikingen] sseγlin-d tugdi γef yimezdaγen n yiri n yilel (lebḥeṛ) n wakk timiwa n Tuṛuft Tutrimt (taγerbit), seg Yilel Abalti arma ed Tikust, Irland ed ugafa utrim (nord-ouest) n Fṛansa. Iγerruba-nsen uwḍen arma ay d Spenyul, Tafriqt n Ugafa, Ilel Aberkan ed Yilel n Qezwin, yerna deg tizi n lqern wis 11, Ivikingen ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen timiwa d timeqranin deg Tegzirin Tibriṭaniyin, deg wenẓul (sud) n Ṭṭalyan akked tegzirt n Siqilya (anda ay d-sbedden tagelda [royaume] tavikingt). Γas aṭas seg-sen ay ikecmen γer tmasiḥit, aya ur asen-yekkis ad mmγen ula γef yimunaken (moines) imasiḥiyen ay izedγen deg yimunastiren (monastères) γef yiri n yilel. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda tettfaka tallit-nsen, deg yiwet kan n teswiεt ḥebsent tummγiwin-nsen γef tmura.

Iɣerruba ivikingen 

Deg tlemmast n lqern wis 9, bdan Yivikingen ttwehhin iγerruba-nsen γer utaram (lγerb) i wakken ad sbdeεden deg waman n Ugaraw Aṭlasi, maca ar ass-a werεad neẓri s ttbut d acu ay ten-yejjan ad bdun assikel-a (voyage): llan wid ay d-yennan ahat d lγaci ay yernan deg tmurt-nsen [Skandinavya], dγa yeqqel wakal n tmurt-nsen taneṣlit ur ten-id-yettkafi; llan wiyaḍ nnan-d ahat d ccwal aserti (politique) ay yessawḍen kra ad inigen seg tmurt-nsen, am wakken ay llan wid ay d-yennan d anadi n tγawsiwin ur nelli deg tmurt-nsen ay yejjan Ivikingen ad ddun, ad snirmen (explorer) timura ur nettwassen ay d-yezgan deg utaram (lγerb) n tmurt-nsen.

D acu kan, ass-a netḥeqq γef yiwet n tγawsa: asmi ay bdan Yivikingen zeggren aman n Ugaraw Aṭlasi n ugafa (nord), γlin-d deg yiwet n tallit aydeg anezwi (climat) ibeddel yerna yella yeḥma, dγa d aya ay yejjan agris aṛkti (arctique) ad yefsi ed ad yejj akal n tmura-a tisemmaḍin ad d-tili deg-s tizzegzewt. 

Deg 860, Ivikingen ufan-d tigzirin n Feroe ay d-yezgan deg ugafa utrim (nord-ouest) n Tikust. Mraw (10) n yiseggasen sakkin, bdan ssehrasen (coloniser) tamurt n Island. Yuγ lḥal, 12.000 n Yinuṛwijiyen ay yeddan γer tegzirt-a tameqrant, uwyen yid-sen lmal ed ttawilat-nsen n tfellaḥt akken ad qqimen deg-in i lebda. 

Γas ma yella anezwi (climat) n Island yewεeṛ aṭas s usemmiḍ-nnes, tahrest (colonie) n Yivikingen deg tegzirt-a tufa iman-nnes, yerna deg 930, tiwaculin timeṛkantiyin timeqranin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad d-sbeddent agraw amatu (assemblée générale) umi semman Althing, d win aydeg igensasen (représentants) n wakk agdud n tmurt-nni llan ttemlilin-d akken ad mciwṛen γef temsal timeqranin ay ten-yerzan yerna ad frun timsal n ccṛeε. D ta ay d tagduda tamezwarut ay d-yennulfan deg Tuṛuft n tallit talemmast, yerna agraw-nnes mazal-it ar ass-a, γas kkan fell-as 10 n leqrun. Ivikingen ssawḍen daγen ad shersen (coloniser) tigzirin tibriṭaniyin n Orkney, Shetland akked Hebrides, yerna deg 882, Ivikingen uwḍen arma ay d tigzirin n Svalbard. 

Deg 982, agraw n Althing yebda assenqed deg temsalt n yiwen n yiminig ay yettwassnen s lexdayem-nnes n dyiri. Wa d Erik Azewwaγ. Argaz-a, ay yellan zik, yezdeγ deg Nuṛwij, yettwanfa-d seg-inna γef ljal n yiwet n temsalt n tmenγiwt, sakkin, ula deg Island, yules (iεawed) yufa-d iman-nnes yebbuṣa deg temsalt niḍen. 

Deg tmurt-a, Erik d ljaṛ-nnes ay yenγa sdeffir ma nnuγen γef ljal n tfunast, dγa d aya ay yejjan agraw n Althing ad yeḥkem γef Erik Azewwaγ s wenfay tlata n yiseggasen seg Island. Imi ay d-yettwanfa yagi seg Nuṛwij, Erik yella ur yezmer ad yeqqel γer tmurt-a, dγa yeεzem ad yeddu γer utaram (lγerb), anda ay yeḍmeε ad yaf akal yelhan i tnezduγt. Yuγ lḥal, kra seg wid umi yeεreq webrid deg yilel (lebḥeṛ) yerna yuwey-iten waḍu ijehden n Ugaraw Aṭlasi γer utaram, ḥkan-as-d yagi i Erik γef tmurt tazegzawt ay ẓran deg tama-nni ur nettwassen, dγa d aya ay t-yejjan ad yeg assikel-a. 

S waya, Erik yedda ed twacult-nnes ed yimeddukal-nnes, sbeεden arma ay ufan yiwet n tmurt, tafsirt-nnes (côte) d taεeryant, ur llin deg-s yemγan, maca ikemmel itteddu γef yiri n yilel (lebḥeṛ) arma ay d-yemlal kra n yefyuṛden (fjords) d ucbiḥen [d iγezran ay kecmen waman n yilel], rrif-nsen tella cwiṭ n tizzegzewt anda ay zemren medden ad ksen lmal-nsen, am wakken ay llant kra n tsemlal (saules) ed uṣefṣaf amellal, γas ccetla-nsent d tamecṭuḥt. 

Erik Azewwaɣ (d unuɣ ay d-yeddan deg wedlis

n Arngrimur Jonsson - Gronlandia, 1688)

Deg 985, yeqqel-d Erik γer Island yerna yewṣef-asen i medden tamurt-nni tamaynut wuγur yuweḍ netta ed yimeddukkal-nsen, d tin umi isemma “tamurt tazegzawt” (Groenland). Taḥkayt-nnes d ayen ay yesḍemεen aṭas n medden, dγa d aya ay ten-yejjan ula d nitni ad inigen γer-s, dγa s waya ay d-tlul tehrest (colonie) tavikingt tamezwarut deg wenẓul (sud) n Groenland. 

Deg 986, mi tella tettqerrib-d tegrest, Bjarni Herjolfsson, ay yellan d imsilel (navigateur) imjeṛṛeb yerna d amdan ur nettagad tilufa, yedda seg Nuṛwij γer Island. Mi yuweḍ γer din, yufa baba-s yedda yagi ed yiwet n terbaεt, imḍebber-nnes d Erik Azewwaγ, akken ad shersen (coloniser) Groenland. 

S waya, ula d Bjarni yeεreḍ ad yeddu γer Groenland, maca, mi yella deg yilel (lebḥeṛ), yeṭṭef-it waḍu yerna yeqqim acḥal d ussan itteddu deg wagu, dγa d aya ay t-yejjan ad as-yeεreq webrid. Deg tgara, mi iqerreb γer lberr, iger tamawt akal-nni yemgerrad s waṭas γef wamek ay as-d-weṣfen Groenland. Akal wuγur yuweḍ Bjarni yufa-d deg-s tiγalltin akked tẓegwa d timeqranin, deg lweqt aydeg deg Groenland, ur yelli waya. I wakken ur yettkemmil ad yesseεreq i yiman-nnes iberdan, Bjarni yeqqel-d γer wegmuḍ (ccerq), dγa s waya ay d-yufa Groenland akked tehrest (colonie) n Erik. Yuγ lḥal, akal-nni ay d-yufa Bjarni ed yimeddukal-nnes d Tamrikt n Ugafa (nord), yerna γas ma ur iris deg-s, yella, ahat d netta ay d Aviking amezwaru ay tt-yeẓran. 

Asmi ay d-yeḥka Bjarni γef wayen yeẓra deg utaram (lγerb) n Groenland, yiwen seg warraw n Erik Azewwaγ yerra-d lwelha-nnes γer temsalt-a, yerna ula d netta yeḍmeε ad d-yaf akal amaynut ara yezmer ad t-yeṭṭef. Yuγ lḥal, Groenland tella d tamurt tasemmaḍt aṭas yerna asγar-nnes yegres, dγa imi Bjarni yessawel-asen-d γef tmurt anda ay llant tẓegwa, Leif Eriksson (memmi-s n Erik) yeεzem ad yeddu γer wakal-a amaynut ay d-yufa Bjarni. 

Deg tizi n 1000, Leif Eriksson yeddem aγerrabu n Bjarni, yerna yeddukkel ed 35 n yergazen i wakken ad d-nadin γef tmurt-nni ay d-yufa uneggaru-a. Deg webrid-nnes, Leif yemlal-d ed Tegzirt n Baffin (ay d-yezgan deg ugafa agmuḍan [nord-est] n Kanada), dγa yufa-tt idel-itt wegris yerna ur llin deg-s yimukan n tkessawt. Mi ikemmel abrid-nnes γer wenẓul (sud), yufa-d yiwen n uzaγar n tẓegwa ed teftisin (plages) ijdi-nsent d amellal, dγa isemma-as i tmurt-nni Markland (Akal n Tẓegwa), d tin umi ttinin ass-a Labrador. Sdeffir ma kemmlen abrid-nsen γer wenẓul kra n wussan, ufan-d Yivikigen akal yifen win n Markland, dγa deg-in ay εezmen ad rsen. 

Leif Eriksson deg webrid-nnes ɣer Temrikt 

Bnan Yivikingen ixxamen deg wemkan-nni, yerna deg-in ay ssukken tagrest. Yiwen seg-sen yufa-d deg wakal-nni tiriwa, dγa d aya ay ten-yejjan ad as-semmin Vinland (akal n ccṛab). Yezmer lḥal, ahat, ad ilin uwḍen arma ay d Igelmimen Imeqranen (Grands Lacs) n Temrikt n Ugafa, ladγa imi abrid γer deg-in fessus lemmer ad kken seg wasif n Saint Laurent. 

Ma cwiṭ, 3 n yiγerruba ivikingen ay yuwḍen γer Temrikt, ddant-d deg-sen twaculin ed lmal, yerna yal tafsut llan tteddun γer Groenland ed ttawyen-d yid-sen ifarisen (produits) ay d-squccḍen seg Temrikt. 

D acu kan, γas ma yella Ivikingen llan d Uṛufiyen imezwura ay yuwḍen γer Temrikt, ur d-ufin fell-asen lateṛ, yerna timura-nni ay d-bedren qqiment d adrug (mystère) deg umezruy, arma ay d iseggasen n 1969 ed yiseggasen n 1970 aydeg d-ufan yemsenziken lateṛ n kra n yexxamen iqburen deg tama n L’Anse Aux Meadows, deg tegzirt n Terre-Neuve, deg Kanada. Ixxamen-nni ufan-d deg-sen kra n tγawsiwin yettwassnen γer Yivikingen am yiwen n ufeṛṛan n wuzzal ed tγawsiwin niḍen ay d-yettwaxedmen 1000 n yiseggasen aya. Deg yiseggasen n 1990, deg wenẓul n Terre-Neuve, yufa-d yiwen n wemnadi adanmaṛki yiwen n weẓru yettulekknen mliḥ, yerna lxedma-nnes tettwassen kan γer Yivikingen. Ma deg Labrador, ufan-d daγen yimesnadrizen yiwen n webrid yettubellḍen s yeẓra, yerna yezmer lḥal ad ilin d Ivikingen ay t-igan. 

Asmi d-yeqqel Leif seg ussikel-nnes, yeḥka-as i ugellid n Nuṛwij [Olaf Tryggvason] γef wayen ay d-yufa. 

Deg 1070, Adam n Bremen, yellan d anmezruy (historien) almani, yedda γer Danmaṛk i wakken ad d-yelqeḍ tilγa (informations) γef tmura n ugafa, dγa imir-nni ay as-d-yeḥka ugellid adanmaṛki Sweyn γef wakal-nni n Vinland (Terre-Neuve) akked ccṛab-nnes igerrzen. Dγa, asmi ay yura Adam n Bremen takṛunit-nnes (chronique), aṭas n medden ay yeqqlen ẓran llant tegzirin deg utaram (lγerb) n Groenland. 

Tikṛuniyin (chronique) tislandiyin n gar lqern wis 12 ed lqern wis 14 bedrent-d daγen issiklen (voyages) niḍen ay d-yellan gar Groenland ed Markland (Labrador) akked Vinland (Terre-Neuve). Maca ar ass-a werεad ur neẓri ayγer Ivikingen ur qqimen deg Temrikt. Ahat, ad ilin εerḍen ad qqimen deg-in, maca ur ssawḍen, ladγa imi timiwa aydeg llan (Kanada n wass-a) d tisemmaḍin aṭas, tewεeṛ deg-sent tudert. Seg tama niḍen, deg tmucuha aydeg d-ḥkan Yivikingen γef twadda-nsen γer Temrikt, bedren-d imdanen umi γγaren “Skraeling” yerna, ahat, qesden-d s yisem-a imezdaγen ineṣliyen (Ihendiyen n Temrikt) ay yellan, war ccek, jehden ugar-nsen, yerna ur yelli d awezγi ad yili yella-d ccwal gar Yivikingen ed Yihendiyen. 

Ixxamen ivikingen n Anse-aux-Meadows

Yuγ lḥal, ixxamen n L’Anse aux Meaudows, deg Terre-Neuve, llan zemren ad awyen arma d 500 n medden. Anect-a n medden llan zemren ad ddren war uguren deg wakal ur nettwazdeγ. D acu kan, deg wakal anda ay zedγen Yihendiyen, tillin n Yivikingen tella tezmer ad d-teglu s wuguren, yerna llan zemren ad ttwarnun s tefses. Deg tidet, iγallen n Yihendiyen llan jehden, yerna ula deg tallit aydeg iserdasen Ifṛensisen ed Yebriṭaniyen kecmen Kanada (gar 700 ed 800 n yiseggasen sdeffir n Yivikingen), tirebbaε n Yihendiyen Iṛukwaten llant zemrent ad kfent tiytyin ijehden i yexṣimen-nsent. 

Γef wakken nettwali, tagnit aydeg llan Yivikingen deg Temrikt ur teffiγ fell-asen akken ad qqimen deg-in: ixxamen-nsen llan ur ttuheyyan i tmurt aydeg zemren ad d-mmγen fell-asen yexṣimen-nsen, yerna imi ay beεden γef tmurt-nsen, Ivikingen yella yettxaṣṣaten ttawil ayyes ara gen lecγal-nsen am tfellaḥt neγ takessawt. Nnig waya, imi ur d-jjin, deg Temrikt, timqebrin timeqranin, tursaḍ neγ lateṛ yiddayninen (anda ara ffren lmal-nsen), aya yesskanay-d ur εeḍḍlen aṭas deg-inna, wanag ad ilin qqimen kan azal n 10 n yiseggasen. Yezmer lḥal, ahat, ixxamen-nni n L’Anse aux Meadows ad ilin d agrir kan (camp) ay bnan Yivikingen deg-in i wakken ad tteddun ed ad snirimen (explorer) tifsirin (côtes) ay ibeεden ugar, yerna yezmer ad ilin uwḍen arma d Abagu (golfe) n Saint Laurent, imi ay d-ufan yemsenziken (archéologues) deg yexxamen-nni ay bnan lateṛ n ljuz, yerna yessekf arma uwḍen γer ubagu-a ara zemren ad d-afen tijujtin. 

Seg tama niḍen, ula d Groenland ur tεeḍḍel bdan-tt-id wuguren d imeqranen: imi ay yebda yettismiḍ lḥal (yebda-d wayen umi ttinin “Tallit Talemmast n Wegris [glaciation du Moyen-Age]”, deg tizi n 1350), imhuras (colons) qqlen ur zmiren ad gen tafellaḥt deg tmurt-a, yerna s waya, yeqqel ixuṣṣ wucci, dγa, d aya yessawḍen tamurt-a ad texlu. Lateṛ aneggaru ay d-yeqqimen seg yimezdaγen ivikingen n Groenland d yiwen n leεqed n jjwaj ay d-yellan deg-in deg 1408. 

Semmus (5) n leqrun sakkin, Christophe Colomb yuweḍ γer tegzirin n Antilles deg 1492. Llan wid ay d-yennan qbel ad yeddu γer Temrikt, ad yili yedda yagi, deg 1470-1480 γer Island, yerna din, ad ilin ḥkann-as-d γef Leif Eriksson, dγa, ahat, d aya ara yilin yejja-t, ula d netta, ad iẓer yella wakal seg yidis niḍen n Ugaraw Aṭlasi. 

Sγur Stefan Anitei 
Tasuqilt sγur Omar Mouffok (www.imedyazen.com)

Taγbalut: http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Geographical-Discoveries-Made-by-Vikings-62749.shtml

Amagrad ay d-itteddun: 

Laṣel n Yimaziγen n Tegzirin Tiknaṛiyin (sɣur Ignacio Reyes)

Qqel ɣer wegbur : 

Taftilt Taliktṛunit - Uḍḍun 1

Qqel ɣer usebter n umager.