*aγsi (iγas) : loup.
Tamawt : yella wemgerrad gar weγsi ed wuccen. Aγsi d aγersiw seg twacult n yiḍan, yugar uccen (chacal).
**afrag aγelnaw : parc national
Sγur Darcey Moyer
30 Tubeṛ 2006
Aγsi deg wedfel n Yellowstone
Zik, iγas (loups) llan tteddred deg umur ameqran seg Temrikt n Ugafa, maca imi imdanen ttagaden-ten, ttṣeyyiden-ten arma ay ten-ssawḍen γer yiri n wengar deg tlemmast n lqern wis 20. D aya ay yejjan iduba (autorités) ad ḥesben aγersiw-a d ṣṣenf yellan deg umihi (en danger) deg 48 n Yiwunak n Temrikt deg 1973, yerna bdan qeddcen i lmend n uḥuddu ed tallalt n uγersiw-a i wakken ad yefrurex.
Deg 1995, iduba (autorités) imarikaniyen skecmen-d aγsi (loup) tikkelt niḍen γer wefrag aγelnaw (parc national) n Yellowstone. I lmend n waya, uwyen-d 14 n yiγas idemdamen (loups gris) seg Kanada. Aseggas sakkin, rnan bran i 17 n yiγas niḍen deg wefrag-a. Ass-a, azal n 4500 n yiγas idemdamen ay yeddren deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen (war ma neḥseb-d wid yeddren deg Alaska). Dγa d aya ay yejjan iduba imarikaniyen ad kksen isem n waγsi seg gar yismawen n yiγersiwen yellan deg umihi (en danger) ed ad t-ssersen gar wid yettwaggzen (menaces), d taṣeddart ur newεiṛ anect n tmezwarut-nni.
D acu kan, assekcem n yiγas (loups) γer Yellowstone d tamsalt ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wawal deg yiseggasen-a ineggura. Ṛṛay-a n tririt n yiγas d ayen ay d-yesnekren urfan n yiṣeyyaden ed yimeksawen, am wakken ay d-yegla s ccwal deg Yiwunak (Etats) imarikaniyen n Wyoming, Idaho ed Montana. Maca, seg tama niḍen, Ameẓlu (Sserbis) amarikani n uḥuddu n Yiselman ed Tudert Taweḥcit, tirebbaε yekkaten i lmend n uḥuddu n twennaḍt akked yimesnudren (biologistes) feṛḥen s tuqqla-a n weγsi γer wefrag n Yellowstone.
Wid ay yugin tiririt n weγsi (loup) ur asen-εjibent kra n tγawsiwin. Γef umedya (lemtel), imeksawen ugaden lemmer iγas (loups) ad ilin d ssebba ara asen-yeswaγen lmal-nsen. Yiwen n umeksa yesṛuḥ 25 n yigenduzen ay tenγa yiwet n terbaεt n yiγas deg yiwet n lfirma ay ibeεden azal n 80 km γef Yellowstone, deg ugafa utrim (nord-ouest) n Wyoming, yerna deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, iγas mmγen γef lmal ula deg Idaho ed Montana. Deg lweqt aydeg lqanun yegdel (yemneε) timenγiwt n yiγas, yekfa ttesriḥ i yimeksawen akken ad ten-nγen, maca aya ala deg tegnit aydeg ameksa-nni yufa-d aγsi la as-ineγγ imir-nni ya kan deg lmal-nnes. Lemmer ad ineγ weγsi lmal war ma yeẓra-t umeksa, Ameẓlu (Sserbis) amarikani n Yiselman ed Tudert Taweḥcit ad d-yeṭṭef aγsi-nni yerna ad yawey γer wemkan niḍen akken ad t-sbeεden γef lmal n medden. Maca ma yeqqel yenγa lmal tikkelt niḍen, iqeddacen n umeẓlu-nni ad t-nγen. Imḥaddiyen n Tudert Taweḥcit xellṣen ugar n 155.000 n yidulaṛen i wakken ad asen-γermen i yimeksawen lmal ay asen-yemmeccen seg 1995. Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella tettwafham tugdi ed wurfan n yimeksawen, maca iduba (autorités) la asen-d-γerrmen lmal-nni ay asen-iṛuḥen, yerna ttεawanen-ten akken ad frun yal ugur ara asen-d-yekken seg yiγas.
Ugur niḍen ayyes d-glan yiγas (loups) s tuqqla-nsen γer Yellowstone netta d urfan n yimeẓla (ssrabes) n ṣṣyada n yiselman ed yiγersiwen, imi ay ugaden seg yiγas ad sneqsen seg yizerzren n uwapiti ed yiγersiwen niḍen ittetten imγan, dγa d aya ara yejjen iduba ad sḥeṛsen tagnit γef yiṣeyyaden. Imeẓla n ṣṣyada n yiselman ed yiγersiwen ugaden lemmer asseḥṛes-a ad d-yeglu s lexṣara i yemdanen ay itteklen γef ussenzi n wayen ay d-ttṣeyyiden akken ad ddren. D acu kan, ar ass-a, werεad neẓri d acu n dduṛ ay yezmer ad t-yurar waγsi (loup) deg temsalt-a n ussenqes n yiγersiwen n ṣṣyada. Mi ara nales tamuγli γef yiseggasen yezrin, ad naf awwaḍ n waγsi d ayen ay yessawḍen ṣṣyada ad tenqes s 6 ar 19%, yerna llant ula d tikkal aydeg teḥbes akk ṣṣyada, imi amḍan n yiγersiwen ay ttṣeyyiden yemdanen yenqes s waṭas γef ljal n yiγas. Yuγ lḥal, imi iγas ttṣeyyiden aṭas, ssawḍen kra n teqḍiεin n yizerzren arma ay negrent deg kra n yimukan n wefrag aγelnaw n Yellowstone. Dγa, akken ay d-yenna yiwen n umesnuder (biologiste), “D tidet, imdanen ur zmiren ad γellten kra n wemkan ma yella tella deg-s terbaεt n yiγas iṣeḥḥan”.
Izerzer n uwapiti deg wefrag n Yellowstone
Llant aṭas n ssebbat ay yejjan medden ad qeblen allus (aεiwed) n ussekcem n weγsi (loup) γer Yellowstone. Aṭas n yimesnudren ay yettxemmimen imi ur yelli weγsi deg wefrag-a, ggten yiγersiwen ittetten imγan arma ay qqlen ttḍurrun tiẓegwa n wefrag-nni. Dγa, tisin n yiγas (loups) ay yeqqlen ttṣeyyiden iγersiwen-a, yeqqel-d wemneki (équilobre) deg twennaḍt. Yuγ lḥal, afrurex s zzyada n yizerzren n uwapiti seg zik ay yella d ugur deg Yellowstone, yerna i lmend n ussenqes n yizerzren-a, iduba (autorités) llan neγγen-ten. D acu kan, timenγiwt-a war ssebba d ayen ay yesserfan agdud, yerna d aya ay yejjan Congress amarikani ad yessukk lqanun ara tt-igedlen (imenεen). Deg tallit-nni, imi ur llin yiγas (loups) deg Yellowstone, izerzren n uwapiti frurxen s waṭas. D acu kan, imi ucci ur ten-id-ikufa deg wefrag-nni, aṭas seg-sen ay yemmuten seg laẓ. Yuγ lḥal, aṭas seg yizerzren-nni ay yettmettaten mi ara teqseḥ tegrest d iγersiwen iwessaren neγ uḍnen, yerna lemmer d ay llin yiγas, tili d wid-nni ara ccen. Maca ass-a, imi ay d-qqlen yiγas γer Yellowstone, amḍan (nombre) n yizerzren yenqes s 50%, yerna ula d isekla n tlemlelt (tremble) ed tsemlelt (saule) ufan iman-nsen, imi ay neqsen yizerzren ay asen-iγeẓẓen iferrawen.
Tuqqla n yiγas γer Yellowstone d ayen yejjan daγen imekdaden (castors) ad frurxen ed ad afen iman-nsen xir n zik. Yuγ lḥal, imekdaden bennun uggugen (barrages) aydeg ttemsegrawen waman, dγa d aya ay yettajjan iselman ad frurxen deg tmedwin-nni ed ad ilin d ucci i wursuten n wegrizli (grizzly). Timedwin-nni jjant daγen iselman n terwit (truite) ed tsemlelt (tremble) ad afen iman-nsen.
Ursu n wegrizli deg wefrag n Yellowstone
Deg tidet, akk isekla (ttjuṛ) ed yiγersiwen-a myuqqanen gar-asen: iγas (loups) ttemmγen γef yimekdaden (castors); imekdaden ḥwajen isekla n tsemlelt (tremble) imi ay ten-ttetten yerna bennun yes-sen uggugen-nsen –(barrages); iγas ttetten izerzren n uwapiti, dγa ssenqasen amḍan-nsen (nombre), dγa d aya ay yettajjan tisemlelt ad taf iman-nnes ed ad d-temγi; dγa mi ara yebnu umekdad uggug-nnes, tisemlelt tettaf iman-nnes ugar.
Asmi ur llin yiγas (loups) deg Yellowstone, frurxen mliḥ yikuyuṭen (coyote), d acu kan iγersiwen niḍen ay ittetten amurḍus neqsen s waṭas. Amesnuder (biologiste) Robert Crabtree – ay iqeddcen deg Wammas n Unadi n Twennaḍt n Yellowstone – yenna-d ass-a, imi ay d-qqlen yiγas (loups) γer wefrag n Yellowstone, ula d amḍan (nombre) n yikuyuṭen yenqes s 50%. Seg tama niḍen, tuqqla n yiγas (loups) d ayen ay yejjan amḍan n wursuten n wegrizli, tidγaγatin, irammaten (gloutons), ibaraγen ed yiγersiwen niḍen ittetten amurḍus ad nnernin, imi iγas neγγen aṭas n yiγersiwen ittetten imγan yerna tikkal, ttajjan tifekkiwin-nsen werεad fukent. Amesnuder Doug Smith, imḍebber n Usenfar n Yiγas (Wolf Project) deg Wefrag Aγelnaw n Yellowstone, yenna-d: “Mi d-yeqqel waγsi γer Yellowstone, yules yeṭṭef amkan-nnes n uγersiw amezwaru aṣeyyad deg wefrag-a, dγa d aya ay yejjan ula d tudert ad ternu ad tejjujjeg imi ula d leṣnaf niḍen n yiγersiwen ulsen ufan iman-nsen. Tuqqla n weγsi (loup) γer Yellowstone d taγawsa igerrzen akk ay d-yellan deg wefrag-a deg lqern-a aneggaru”.
Yuγ lḥal, iγas (loups) ur nfiεen kan iγersiwen yeddren deg lberr, wanag zemren ad nefεen ula d igḍaḍ. Imassanen ufan-d imi izerzer n welkus (élan) yessenger imudaγ n tsemlelt (ittett iferrawen-nsen), qqlen yegḍaḍ ur ttafen isekla anda ara bnun leεcuc-nsen. Dγa, imassanen la ssaramen s tuqqla n yiγas akked unnerni n wemḍan (nombre) n yegrizliyen, ilkusen ad neqsen, yerna imudaγ n tsemlelt ad nnernin ed ad yejj ula d amḍan n yegḍaḍ ad yennerni deg wefrag-a.
Alkus deg wefrag n Yellowstone
Seg tama niḍen, iγas (loups) nefεen afrag n Yellowstone ula seg yidis n yedrimen, imi ass-a, aṭas n yimerrayen (touristes) ay la d-yettasen γer wefrag-a akken ad ẓren, neγ, tikkal, akken kan ad as-slen i weγsi yeskuεεuy. S waya, tuqqla n weγsi (loup) γer Yellowstone d ayen inefεen ama d iγersiwen, ama d afrag-nni akk s umata, yerna d aya ay yesfeṛḥen wid yettḥuddun tawennaḍt.
D acu kan, iban tuqqla n uγersiw-a γer wefrag n Yellowstone tessenker-d ugur iweεṛen imi ay d-yella umennuγ d ameqran gar wid ay t-yebγan ed wid ay t-yugin. Tuqqla n weγsi (loup) γer ugafa-utrim (nord-ouest) n Yiwunak Yeddukklen d ayen yejjan tudert taweḥcit ad teg asurif γer sdat deg tama-a, yerna aya yerra-d tudert ed tezmert i yinagrawen n twennaḍt (écosystèmes) ay yellan zik deg tama-a qbel ad yenger weγsi. Yuγ lḥal, taḥkayt-a n weγsi d ayen yesεan azal ameqran imi ay aγ-d-tesskanay mazal nezmer ad nurar dduṛ i lmend n wallus n lebni n twennaḍt-nneγ ay nesswaγ zik, s ussenger n kra n yiγersiwen. Γas ma yella aya ad d-yeglu s wuguren ay yeḥwajen tifrat, maca nessaram ad lemden yemdanen amek ara ddren ed yiγas (loups) deg talwit, i nnfeε n twennaḍt-nneγ.
Sγur: Darcey Moyer
Tasuqilt: Omar Mouffok (www.imedyazen.com)
Taγbalut:http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/29530/reintroduction_of_wolves_into_yellowstone.html?cat=4