Sγur Larousse (www.larousse.fr) 
03 Meγres 2009 

Asafag n Concorde

Deg 2 Meγres, 1969, asafag anegmesli (avion supersonique) n Concorde yufeg i tikkelt tamezwarut deg yigenni n temdint n Toulouse, deg Fṛansa. Asafag-a, ay yellan yesεa talγa tamsimalt (futuriste) yerna tecbeḥ, d win ay yuwyen yagi cciεa d tameqrant gar medden, γas akken werεad ur yebdi leqdic. D acu kan, kra n yiseggasen sakkin, mi d-tella taluft tamezwarut tameqrant n upitṛul, yerna llant-d daγen tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) n wid ay yugin asafag-a imi ay ugaden ad iḍurr tawennaḍt, Concorde ur d-yessekcem idrimen imeqranen, akken ḍemεen wid ay t-id-igan, wanag yelfa-d d lexṣara tameqrant. Maca, akken yebγu yili, asafag (avion) n Concorde yettekka deg wesnerni n temguri (industrie) n yisafagen deg Tuṛuft, imi ay yeldey abrid i yisafagen n Airbus akken ad nzen xir deg umaḍal. 

Deg wass n 2 Meγres, d tiwinas (timeyyatin) n yineγmasen akked yigiman (luluf) n medden ay d-yusan γer unafag (aéroport) n Toulouse-Blagnac. Yuγ lḥal, tlata n tikkal ay yettwabṭel waffug amezwaru n Concorde, γef ljal n wagu. Maca ass-nni, asafag n Concorde 001, ay izemren ad yekk i tazzla n yimesli (ṣṣut), yessewjed iman-nnes akken ad yafeg i tikkelt tamezwarut. Iqeddacen ay irekben deg-s d anehhaṛ n uneεruḍ, André Turcat yellan d amenzaḍ (commandant) n usafag, Jacques Guignard, d amalal (amεiwen) n unehhaṛ, Michel Rétif, d aṣeggam n usafag, akked Henri Perrier, d ajenyuṛ. Mi snekren imuturen n usafag-nni, yella-d yiwen n wugur ay iwexxren cwiṭ akud n weqlaε n Concorde. Maca Γef 3 :40 n tedqiqin ed 11 n tsinin (secondes), asafag n Concorde yeqleε, sdeffir n tmeṛjiwt γezzifen. 

Deg yizenqan n Toulouse, tiddi n tkeṛwas teḥbes maḍi : ama d inehhaṛen, ama d imsebriden, ḥebsen akk, ttmuqqulen s igenni akken ad ẓren asafag-nni mi ara yekk. Sdat n tkamriwin (caméra) n tliẓri, asafag n Concorde yufeg s lqerb n tegnit (lqaεa), yerna iga-d tuzzya d tameqrant s tazzla mecṭuḥen, sakkin yeqqel-d γer unafag n Toulouse anda ay d-yers γef 4 :08 n tedqiqin n tmeddit, sdat n lγaci-nni ay ifeṛḥen yes-s. Mi d-yeffeγ André Turcat seg usafag-nni, yenna-d : « Imir-a, agḍiḍ-nni ameqran la yettafeg … ». 

Xemsa n ledwaṛ sakkin, seg 9 Yebrir 1969, d asafag n uneεruḍ abriṭani, Concorde 002, ay yufgen, ula d netta, i tikkelt tamezwarut sdat lγaci ay d-yusan ad feṛḥen yes-s. D anehhaṛ n uneεruḍ, Brian Trubshaw n British Aircraft Corporation, ay t-inehṛen deg unafag (aéroport) n Filton, yerna yufeg yes-s 80 n yikilumitren qbel ad d-yers deg unafag aserdasi n Fairford. 

D leqdic ucrik gar Yefṛensisen ed Yebriṭaniyen 

Seg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 1950 ay bdan Yefṛensisen ed Yebriṭaniyen ttnadin γef wamek ara d-snulfun asafag anegmesli (avion supersonique) i lmend n ussiweḍ n medden. D acu kan, ur ssawḍen ad gen kra arma ay d asmi ay sdukklen iγallen-nsen. Deg 29 Nwembeṛ 1962, inabaḍen (lḥukumat) n Fṛansa ed Briṭanya Tameqrant stenyan amtawa (accord) n wemεiwen deg wenrar n teknussna (technologie) i wakken ad d-snulfun asafag-a. Leqdic-nsen aγezfan d win ay yessawḍen ad d-yarew asafag n Concorde deg Mayyu 1964. Asafag-a gan-t-id i wakken ad yawey 100 n yimessukal (voyageurs), yerna yesεa aṭas n tγawsiwin timaynutin ur llint deg yisafagen niḍen n ussiweḍ. 

Yuγ lḥal, asafag n Concorde yesεa ṛebεa n yimesdemren (réacteurs) ijehden mliḥ. Afriwen-nnes sεan talγa n « delta », yerna tadra-nnes (fuselage) d tarqaqt, d taγezfant, tettfaka s yiwen n « wenzar » d amuqḍiε, yerna yezmer ad yeknu neγ ad yaley, γef leḥsab n tegnit n waffug. 30.000 n medden ed wugar n 600 n teṛmisin (ccarikat) ay yettekkan deg wesnulfu n Concorde. 

Affug amezwaru n Concorde deg Fairford, Briṭanya Tameqrant 

Sdeffir ma yufeg tikkelt tamezwarut, deg 2 Meγres, 1969, asafag n Concorde yessaweḍ, deg 1 Tubeṛ 1969, ad yekk i tazzla n yimesli (ṣṣut – ugar n 1224 n yikilumitren i tsaεet). Sakkin, deg 4 Nwembeṛ 1970, yuweḍ γer tazzla n Mach 2 (2 n tikkal tazzla n yimesli). Deg wass n 13 Mayyu 1971, Concorde yers-d i tikkelt tamezwarut s unagraw n trusi taymanit (système ḍatterrissage automatique). Deg 17 Dujembeṛ 1971, yella-d waffug amezwaru n usafag n « Concorde 01 » ay yettwaxedmen swaswa am win ay llan ssefrayen ad t-ssenzen, akken ad t-εerḍen. Ma deg 6 Dujembeṛ, yella-d waffug amezwaru n usafag n Concorde yettuwehhan i ussenzi. Deg 10 Tubeṛ 1975, iduba (autorités) ifṛensisen kfan-as ttesriḥ n waffug (i lmend n ussiweḍ n medden) i usafag n Concorde, sdeffir ma yettwaεreḍ 6 n yiseggasen. Yuγ lḥal, i lmend n weεraḍ-nnes, sqedcen 8 n yisafagen ay yufgen, s ujemmal 5536 n tsaεtin. 

Deg 21 Yennayer 1976, yebda usafag n Concorde yettusseqdac deg tnezzut (ttjaṛa) γer snat-nni n teṛmisin (ccarikat) n waffug ay t-id-yesγan : Air France ed British Airways. Yuγ lḥal, Air France tebda tesseqdac-it deg yizirig (ligne) Paris-Rio de Janeiro (deg Brizil), ma d British Airways, tebda tesseqdac-it deg yizirig n London-Baḥṛayn, yerna tella tetteddu ad tesseγzef izirig-nni arma d Singapur ed temdint n Melbourne, deg Ustṛalya. 

Kra n ledwaṛ sakkin, deg 9 Yebrir, Air France tebda-d tesseqdac asafag n Concorde deg yizirg (ligne) n Paris-Caracas, d izirig aydeg yella yettrusu, deg webrid-nnes, deg tegzirt n Santa Maria (deg tegzirin n Azores). Maca γas ma yella asafag-a yettwaxdem-d ladγa i lmend n ussenqes n lweqt deg ussikel (voyage) gar Tuṛuft ed Temrikt n Ugafa, arma ay d 24 Mayyu ay ssawḍen Air France ad tesεu ttesriḥ i wakken ad tesseqdec asafag n Concorde gar Paris ed Washington. S waya, yeqqel usafag n Concorde n Air France itteddu tlata tikkal deg dduṛt seg Paris γer Washington, ma d win n British Airways, itteddu tikkelt i dduṛt seg London γer Washington. Yuγ lḥal, deg waffug-nnes γer Washington ay yella usafag n Concorde yessewham medden. Mi ara yeqleε seg unafag (aéroport) n Charles-de-Gaulle γef 8 :00 n tmeddit, Concorde yettaweḍ γer unafag afidiṛali n Washington mi ara tili tsaεet d 5 :50 n tmeddit, yerna imdanen itteddun deg-s ttḥulfun amzun yeqqel wakud γer deffir, ma d lweqt n ussikel-nsen (voyage) ur yettaweḍ 4 n tsaεtin, yili isafagen niḍen tteḥwijin 8 n tsaεtin akken ad ddun seg Paris γer Washington. 

Uguren imeqranen n tedrimt

Maca rrbeḥ-a ayyes feṛḥen akk medden yeffer kra n wuguren d imeqranen. Yuγ lḥal, menγir Air France ed British Airways, llant aṭas n teṛmisin (ccarikat) niḍen ay yessuttren, naqal, ula d nitentni ad d-sγent asafag n Concorde, maca seg 1973 d asawen, tiṛmisin-nni bdant beṭṭlent ta sdeffir tayeḍ assutter-nsen.

Seg tama niḍen, Tadbelt (administration) tafidiṛalit n waffug (deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen) tessuffeγ-d yiwen ṛṛay ayyes tegdel (temneε) affug n yisafagen iγarimen (avions civils) s tazzla ara yekken i tin n yimesli (ṣṣut), menγir isafagen n uneεruḍ n NASA. 

Taluft-nni tamezwarut n upitṛul, deg 1974, d tin ay yeswaγen azekka n usafag n Concorde. Yuγ lḥal, asafag-a yesserγay aṭas n ukiṛuzan, yerna deg waffug gar Paris ed New York, ittett azal n 80 n yiṭunen n ukiṛuzan. Dγa d aya ay yejjan tiddukliwin n uḥuddu n twennaḍt (environnement) deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen ad d-nekren i wakken ad ttren ad yettwagdel deg tmurt-a. Yuγ lḥal, nnig n usserγi n ukiṛuzan, imeskanen (manifestants) wten-d daγen deg Concorde imi ay itteg lḥess d ameqran deg tmiwa ay d-yezzin i yinafagen (aéroports), yerna mi ara yekk i tazzla n yimesli (ṣṣut), itteg-d aṭṭerḍeq ay yessexlaεen medden. I lmend n waya, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) amarikani iga yiwet n tsestant (enquête) d taγezfant, sakkin deg Fuṛaṛ n 1976, William Coleman, aneγlaf amarikani n Umesni, yekfa ttesriḥ n 16 kan n wayyuren i usafag n Concorde akken ad yettrusu deg temdinin n Washington ed New York. 

Γas akken, iduba (autorités) n usagen (lmerṣa) n New York ur qbilen ttesriḥ-nni n unabaḍ (lḥukuma), yerna, deg tgara, yettwakkes-as ttesriḥ i Concorde akken ad yers deg yinafagen n New York. Dγa tuweḍ temsalt-nni γer ccṛeε, maca imi asafag n Concorde ur yelli yesεa ttesriḥ akken ad yeddu γer New York, aya yegla-d s lexṣarat timeqranin i Air France ed British Airways, ay yellan tteklent fell-as ad t-sqedcent ladγa i ussiweḍ n medden s tazzla γer Yiwunak Yeddukklen. 

Sakkin, ixṣimen n usafag n Concorde wten-d daγen deg-s imi, γef leḥsab-nsen, yessexṣar tissi n wuzun (couche ḍozone) s lgazat-nni ay d-yessuffuγ, am wakken ay d-nnan daγen asafag-a d amecṭuḥ aṭas (γef leḥsab n yisafagen niḍen), dγa ur yettawey aṭas n medden, am wakken ur yezmir ad yessebεed aṭas (imi aserγu-nnes [carburant] yettajja-t kan ad yaweḍ γer 6500 n yikilumitren, deg lweqt aydeg isafagen niḍen zemren ad sbeεden ugar).

Asafag n Concorde n tkebbanit n waffug tafṛensist Air France 

Asafag n Concorde aneggaru ay d-yettwaxedmen i lmend n tnezzut yufeg deg useggas n 1979. Sakkin, deg 21 Ctembeṛ 1979, inabaḍen (lḥukumat) n Fṛansa ed Briṭanya Tameqrant εezmen ad ḥebsen afares (production) n usafag-a. S ujemmal, 16 kan n yisafagen n Concorde ay d-yettwaxedmen (d wid wuγur yessekf ad nernu sin n yisafagen imezwura ed sin niḍen n uneεruḍ). Imir-nni yufa-d lḥal llan xemsa n yisafagen ur nufi anwa ara ten-yesγen, dγa msefhamen Yefṛensisen ed Yebriṭaniyen ad ttunekfen i teṛmisin-nsen (ccarikat) n waffug : British Airways, ay yellan yagi tesεa xemsa n yisafagen, ṣaḥen-tt-id sin niḍen, ma d Air France, ay yellan tesεa ṛebεa, rnan ṣaḥen-tt-id tlata niḍen. Nnig waya, qqlen akk yisafagen-nni n Concorde ssawaḍen medden γer kra kan n temdinin deg Temrikt. 

Acḥal d tikkal ay xemmen yinabaḍen (lḥukumat) n Fṛansa ed Briṭanya Tameqrant ad ḥebsen asseqdec n usafag n Concorde i tnezzut (ttjaṛa), ladγa imi ay yeqqel d tabellaεt n yedrimen i teṛmisin-nni (ccarikat) ay yellan sseqdacent-t. D acu kan, leḥsabat ay d-ssulyen kecfen-d aḥbas n Concorde ad d-yeglu s lexṣara yugaren tiγimit-nnes deg leqdic, dγa γef waya ay smenyafen ad t-jjen. 

Maca deg wass n 25 Yulyu 2000, teḍra-d yiwet n twaγit ay as-ibeddlen akk amezruy-nnes i usafag n Concorde. Yiwen seg yisafagen-nni n Air France yeγli-d γef yiwen n usensu (hôtel) deg Gonesse (agezdu n Val-d'Oise), kra kan n teqdiqin sdeffir ma yeqleε seg unafag (aéroport) n Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle. Tawaγit-a tegla s tmattant n 113 n medden, yerna dindin kan yettwakkes-as ttesriḥ n waffug i usafag n Concorde. 

Asehwu n Concorde deg Yulyu 2000 

Sdeffir ma ttubeddlen yisafagen-nni ay d-yeqqimen i wakken ad yili deg-sen wugar n laman, yeqqel Concorde γer waffug deg Nwembeṛ 2001. D acu kan, imir-nni yufa-d lḥal neqsen yimessukal (voyageurs) ay itteddun deg-s, yerna azal n uṣeggem n yisafagen-nni yennerna s waṭas. Γef waya, yeḥbes usseqdec n usafag n Concorde i lebda deg 2003. Deg wass n 31 Mayyu n useggas-nni, asafag n Concorde n Air France yufeg i tikkelt taneggarut seg New York γer Roissy (Paris), ma d win n British Airways, yufeg affug-nnes aneggaru seg New York γer unafag n Heathrow (London) deg wass n 24 Tubeṛ, 2003. 

Γas ma yella wid ay d-igan asafag Concorde xeṣren seg yidis n tedrimt, maca yessekf ad nesteεṛef s uttekki n usafag-a deg wesnerni n teknussna (technologie) n temsafga (aviation). Nnig waya, amεiwen-nni ay d-yellan gar Fṛansa ed Briṭanya Tameqrant i lmend n wesnulfu n usafag-a d win ay yessersen llsas i wemεiwen ameqran gar tmura n Tuṛuft i lmend n usserbeḥ n usafag n Airbus. 

Yella usafag ara d-ixelfen Concorde ? 

Tiṛmisin (ccarikat) timeqranin n lebni n yisafagen (avions) gant tizrawin (études) i lmend n wesnulfu n usafag ara d-ixelfen Concorde. D acu kan, ar ass-a werεad ur yetbit ma yella ad zemren ad d-snulfun asafag aydeg ara tili lfayda seg yidis n tedrimt, yerna mazal ur frin daγen uguren seg yidis n teknussna (technologie) am ussenqes n lḥess n usafag-nni (mi ara yekk γef tmiwa yettwazedγen) ed ussenqes n ussimes-nnes i twennaḍt (environnement). Maca ahat, isafagen inegmesliyen (supersoniques) ara izemren ad rebḥen d isafagen-nni imecṭuḥen n 10 ar 15 n yimukan. 

Γas akken, Ijapuniyen la εerrḍen s tidet ad d-snulfun asafag anegmesli (supersonique) ameqran s wemεiwen akked yecriken igraγlanen niḍen. Asafag-a, ay la ssefrayen ad t-id-snulfun deg 2020, d win ur nttett aṭas n userγu (carburant), ur ntteg aṭas n lḥess, ur yessamas i twennaḍt (environnement), yerna ad yezmer ad yawey gar 200 ed 300 n yimessukal (voyageurs) seg Tokyo γer Los Angeles deg 5 kan n tsaεtin. 

Asafag n Concorde i yimassanen 

Deg 30 Yunyu 1973, anarum (prototype) n Concorde 001 rekben deg-s yimesnallunen (astronomes) i wakken ad ḍefren axsaf (éclipse) n Tfukt seg yigenni. Yuγ lḥal, axsaf-nni n tfukt yeqqim 7 n tedqiqin, yerna d netta ay d axsaf ummid aγezfan akk deg lqern wis 20, yerna ẓran-t medden deg Temrikt Talatinit akked Tefriqt talemmast. Asafag-nni d André Turcat ay t-inehṛen. Yeqleε seg Tegzirin Tiknaṛiyin, yerna mi yeḍfer tili-nni n wayyur, yekka γef Muriṭanya, Mali, Nijir ed Tcad. Leεli n waffug-nnes yella gar 16.200 ed 17.600 n lmitrat, yerna, deg tgara, yers-d deg Fort-Lamy (ay yeqqlen ass-a d N’Djamena, tamaneγt n Tcad). S tazzla n 2100 n yikilumitren deg tsaεet, asafag-nni n Concorde yessaweḍ ad yeqqim deg tili n wexsaf-nni 74 n tedqiqin, yerna ar ass-a ur yessaweḍ wemdan ad iẓer axsaf n tfukt i tallit taγezfant akk anect-nni ! 

Deg ussikel-nsen (voyage), imassanen εebban yid-sen, deg usafag-nni, allalen ed ttawilat ay yeddan war ma yuγ-iten kra, yerna ssawḍen ad d-ṭṭfen ugar n 400 n tugniwin (tteṣwirat) i wexsaf-nni ed uqacuc-nni n tafat n tfukt ay d-yezzin fell-as. Yuγ lḥal, imassanen ssawḍen ad ẓren axsaf-nni deg yigenni zeddigen, yerna d aya ay ten-yejjan ad d-gen tugniwin s wazal-nsent. 

Isafagen n Concorde nzan d ticeqqufin 

Snat n tikkal ay gan tastagt (enchères) i lmend n ussenzi n tceqqufin n yisafagen n Concorde, i sseεd n yelkensayen (collectionneurs) ed wid ay iḥemmlen asafag-a. Deg wass n 15 Nwembeṛ 2003, 218 n yeḥricen (gar-asen 188 n yiferdisen itekniyen [éléments techniques]) n usafag n Concorde (allalen n waffug, imituren, isγalen [ṛṛwadi], ikersiyen n yimessukal [passagers], atg.) ed 30 n tugniwin s wazal-nsent nzan s testagt (enchères) deg Christie’s, deg Paris. Idrimen ay d-yettwajemεen seg ussenzi-nni ttunekfen i Tsebdadt (fondation) n Air France, yerna taneggarut-a tekfa-ten i tallalt n yigerdan yeḥwajen. 3 n yimelyunen n weuroten ay d-yettwarebḥen seg ussenzi-nni. Taceqquft ay yenzan γlayet akk d taqubbet n uḥuddu n teska (radôme) n wenzar-nni n usafag n Concorde. Taqubbet-nni tettuqeyyem gar 10.000 ed 15.000 n weuroten, maca tenza s 470.000 n weuroten. 

Yiwet seg tceqqufin n Concorde ay d-yersen i ussenzi

Assenzi wis sin yella-d deg La Halle aux Grains, deg temdint n Toulouse, seg 28 Ctembeṛ ar 1 Tubeṛ 2007, s ṛṛay n Aérothèque (yiwet n tiddukkla ay d-yelhan s tgemmi [patrimoine] n lluzinat n yisafagen n Toulouse). Idrimen ay d-yettwajemεen seg ussenzi-nni llan ssefrayen ad ten-kfen i lebni n yiwen n wefrag (parc) n yisafagen seg tama n Toulouse (Aeroscopia). 835 n yeḥricen ay d-ssersen i ussenzi. Amur ameqran seg-sen d ticeqqufin n ubeddel (ay yellan zik ttusseqdacent i lmend n uṣeggem n yisafagen-nni). Setta n tlewḥin n weḥkam ([gouvernes] – d ticeqqufin ay d-yezgan weḥric n deffir n wafriwen) nzant s 37.000 n weuroten. Sin n yimakmitren ([machmètres] d allalen ay d-yesskanayen tazzla tanegmeslit) yellan ttuqeyymen gar 1500 ed 2500 n weuroten, nzan s 29.000 ed 26.000 n weuroten. Ma d yiwet n tmennast n webduz (cuvette de toilette), tenza s 5200 n weuroten. S ujemmal, issenziyen-nni uwyen-d ugar n 800.000 n weuroten. 

Sγur Larousse 
Tasuqilt sγur Omar Mouffok (www.imedyazen.com) 

Amagrad ay d-itteddun: 

Sluvinya tamuddirt (sɣur Djamel Boumezrane)

Qqel ɣer wegbur : 

Taftilt Taliktṛunit - Uḍḍun 1

Qqel ɣer usebter n umager.