Sγur Historyworld.com

Tasuqilt : Omar Mouffok 

 

1652 ed ussebded n temdint n Cape Town

 

Zik, deg lqern wis 16, llan yiγerruba uṛufiyen ay ittekken γef Tefriqt n Wenẓul [akken ad ddun γer Asya neγ γer Tuṛuft] ḥebbsen deg tama n wedrar n Table (deg tqernit wenẓul n Tefriqt – anda ay tettwabna, ass-a, temdint n Cape Town) i wakken ad mbaddalen sselεa akked tewsatin (tribus) n Yixuyxuyen (imezdaγen ineṣliyen n tama-nni). Dγa llan Wuṛufiyen ttakfen-asen tiγawsiwin ay d-uwyen yid-sen, ma d Ixuyxuyen ttakfen-asen ucci amaynut. Uṛufiyen llan daγen sseqdacen tama-nni ula i ussiweḍ n tebṛatin-nsen i wid ssnen. Yuγ lḥal, mi ara d-yaweḍ kra n uγerrabu γer din i wakken ad yesgunfu, kra n medden ttarun tibṛatin i wid ay ssnen deg tmurt-nsen, sakkin ttajjan-tent ddaw yeẓra yesεan lumiṛat. Mi d-yusa uγerrabu ay itteddun γer tmurt-nsen, wid ay d-yeddan deg-s ad d-afen tibṛatin-nni ed ad tent-ssiwḍen i wid umi ttwarunt.

 

Deg 1615, Angliziyen εerḍen, i tikkelt tamezwarut, sbedden tahrest (colonie) deg tama n wedrar n Table, dγa uwyen-d 10 n yiniγiyen (criminels), jjan-ten ad ddren din, i yiman-nsen. D acu kan, arma ay d 1652 ay bdan Yihulandiyen qeddcen s tidet akken ad sbedden tahrest ara idumen. Win ay d-yerẓan asalu deg temsalt-a d Jan van Riebeeck ed 90 n yemdanen yellan qeddcen yid-s deg Teṛmist (ccarika) Tahulandit n Lhend Tagmuḍant (tacerqit).

 

Ihulandiyen-a uwḍen-d deg kraḍ n yiγerruba yerna uwyen-d yid-sen akk ayen ḥwajen akken ad ddren deg tama n wedrar n Table: ama d zzerriεa, ama ttawilat n tfellaḥt ama d wid n lebni. Llan bγan ad bnun leḥṣin ara ten-iḥudden seg tummγiwin n yimawlan n tmurt, yerna, i wakken ad sεun lmal, llan nitni s timmad-nsen ttemmγen γef lmal n Yixuyxuyen. Nnig waya, llan tteẓẓun daγen tibḥirin yerna snuzuyen lγella-nsen i yiγerruba ihulandiyen ay d-ittekken γef tama-nni. Deg εecṛa-nni n yiseggasen ay yekka van Riebeeck deg tehrest-a (colonie), yessaweḍ, netta ed yimeddukal-nnes, ad gen akk ayen ssefran: bnan leḥṣin s wakal ed wesγar, yerna sfullḥen yiwet n tesfift n wakal γezzifen 12 n yikilumitren γef yiri n yilel (lebḥeṛ).

 

1657: beddu n usseqdec n waklan

 

Deg 1657, yeqqel leqdic n tfellaḥt deg tama n Cape yeqqel meγγer ugar, yerna iqeddacen ihulandiyen qqlen ur d-ttkafin akken ad d-lhun yid-s akk. Yuγ lḥal, iqeddacen-nni ay d-yuwey yid-s Van Riebeeck stenyan leεqed ed Teṛmist-nni Tahulandit n Lhend Tagmuḍant i wakken ad qeddcen am waklan, d acu kan, s lexlaṣ. Maca, i wakken ad zemren ad qedcen ugar, Riebeeck yeεzem ad yekf tilelli i yiqeddacen izewjen, yerna yekfa-asen akal ara sfulluḥen i yiman-nsen. S waya, irgazen-nni llan zemren ad snernin tafellaḥt n tama-a xir, yerna ṛṛay-a teqbel-it ula d taṛmist-nni. Ifellaḥen-a imaynuten qqlen γγaren-asen “iburgheren ilelliyen”.

 

Jan Van Riebeeck 

 

Daγen, i wakken ad yennerni leqdic deg tama-a, van Riebeeck yebda yessaγ-d aklan seg 1657 d asawen. Aklan-nni llan sseqdacen-ten ama i ccγel n wexxam, ama i win n beṛṛa, deg tfellaḥt. Deg tazwara, amur ameqran seg waklan-nni llan ttawyen-ten-id seg tehras (colonies) n Teṛmist Tahulandit n Lhend Tagmuḍant deg Indunisya akked Lhend; sakkin, qqlen ttawyen-d aklan ladγa seg Muzambik [yellan d tamurt iqerben γer Tefriqt n Wenẓul].

 

Deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, azgen seg yergazen n tama n Cape llan sεan, ma ulac, yiwen n wakli deg wexxam-nsen. Yuγ lḥal, seg yimir-nni ay teqqel temsaklit (esclavage) d aḥric yesεan azal ameqran deg tuder akked tdamsa n yimellalen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul.

 

D acu kan, tuweḍ-d tallit aydeg yeqqel wemḍan (nombre) n yergazen n waklan yugar win n yergazen imellalen: yuγ lḥal, tuweḍ tegnit arma ay qqlen yergazen aklan d aslag (double) n yergazen ilelliyen. D acu kan, yella wazal n waklan γlay deg ssuq, yerna lqanun-nsen n uεaqeb yella d aqesḥan aṭas.

 

 

Timlilit n Van Riebeeck akked Yefriqiyen deg 1652

 

 

Lqern wis 18: Ifellaḥen itteddun

 

Qbel 1707, tella Teṛmist Tahulandit n Lhend Tacerqit tetteg adellel i wakken ad teg ifadden i medden ad inigen γer tama n Cape, deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. D acu kan, γas akken qrib ad yaweḍ lqern seg wasmi ay tettwabna tehrest (colonie) tamezwarut n Wuṛufiyen deg tmurt-a, lγaci-nsen ur yeggit aṭas. Ihulandiyen yellan d ifellaḥen ilelliyen llan sεan kan 1779 n medden (ddan-d deg-sen ama d irgazen, ama d tisednan, ama d igerdan). Imdanen-a usan-d seg Huland, Lalman akked cwiṭ seg Fṛansa (d wid umi γγaren-asen Huguenots). Ifellaḥen-a llan sεan, s ujemmal 1107 n waklan, amur ameqran seg-sen d irgazen.

 

D acu kan, lewhi n tgara n lqern wis 18, imhuras (colons) uwḍen γer 15.000 n medden (yerna qrib anect-nni daγen ay sεan d aklan). Yuγ lḥal, cwiṭ, cwiṭ tebda tehrest (colonie) tahulandit tbennu-d iman-nnes deg tama-a.

 

Deg lqern wis 18, tahrest (colonie) n Cape tebda tessemγar akal-nnes s waṭas, ladγa imi ay llan waklan ara iqedcen. Yuγ lḥal, d aya ay yessawḍen aṭas seg yifellaḥen-nni ihulandiyen ilelliyen ad ḥeqren leqdic n tfellaḥt, imi ay ttwalin d aklan kan ay yessekfen ad t-gen, dγa jjan leqdic nitni, yerna qqlen sseqdacen ala aklan i waya. D acu kan llan aṭas seg-sen, daγen, imi ur ufin aqeddic, terra-ten tmara ad gen tafellaḥt nitni s timmad-nsen.

 

Yuγ lḥal, cwiṭ, cwiṭ, yennerna wemḍan (nombre) n yergazen uṛufiyen ur nesεi aqeddic, yerna yeqqel wakal-nni n yiri n yilel (lebḥeṛ) yeḥṛes, ur yezmir ad d-ikafi i wakk imezdaγen n tama n Cape. D aya ay yejjan wid ur nesεi aqeddic ad nadin akal sdaxel n tmurt, anda ay llan yizuγar imeqranen aydeg ttcalint tewsatin (tribus) n Yixuyxuyen ed Yisanen. Deg tama-a, bdan Yihulandiyen kessen lmal-nsen yerna tteddun seg tama γer tayeḍ am yimessukal (nomades), nnig waya, llan ttnaγen s lewεaṛa i wakken ad d-ḥeṛṛen akal n yineṣliyen n tmurt yerna llan ttemmγen daγen fell-asen akken ad asen-akren lmal.

 

Deg yiseggasen n 1770, imeksawen ihulandiyen uwḍen arma d tama n Graaff-Reinet, ay d-yezgan azal n 650 n yikilumitren deg ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n temdint n Cape Town. Imeksawen-a qqlen γγaren-asen “Trekboer” (itrekboeren – anamek-nnes “ifellaḥen yettcalin”) yerna d awal-a ay d-yekfan isem n “Boers” (Iboeren) ayyes ara ttwassnen deg lqern wis 19. Itrekboeren llan ttwassnen s tummγa-nsen γef lmal n yineṣliyen ifriqiyen. Llan ttgen tirebbaε timsellḥin umi γγaren izla (commandos), tteddun s yiysan (iεudiwen) akken ad ẓedmen γef Yefriqiyen ed asen-d-akren lmal-nsen.

 

Deg tazwara, izla (commandos) n yimeksawen ihulandiyen ssenḍerren Ifriqiyen yerna kksen-asen ljehd i wakken ad ten-ḥaṛben. Gar 1785 ed 1795, Ihulandiyen nγan azal n 2500 n yergazen ed tsednan n Yefriqiyen Isanen, yerna uwyen azal n 700 seg-sen d aklan, amur ameqran seg-sen d igerdan. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni daγen, yufa-d lḥal Ihulandiyen-nni llan ttqerriben, cwiṭ, cwiṭ γer wakal agilal (fertile) ay d-yezgan deg tama n wasif n Great Fish. Din, mlalen, i tikkelt tamezwarut akked tewsatin (tribus) ijehden n Yexhosaten, d yiwen n weγref (cceεb) afriqi yessawalen iles abantu.

 

Deg tazwara, deg 1779, ifellaḥen-imeksawen ihulandiyen smenyafen ur keccmen γer wakal n Yexhosaten, wanag llan ttnaγen kan yid-sen γef tlisa. Sakkin, Ihulandiyen-a gren tiγri i waytmaten-nsen n temdint n Cape akken ad asen-d-aznen tallalt i lmend n uḥaṛeb n Yexhosaten. D acu kan, Cape Town ur d-tuzin tallalt. D aya ay ten-yejjan ad aysen, sakkin, deg 1795, sbedden-d Awanak (ddula) n Graaff-Reinet, yerna rran-t d tagduda timziregt (independente).

 

Ifellaḥen-imeksawen ihulandiyen, neγ Iboeren, llan ttwalin iman-nsen mgerraden γef Yihulandiyen. Yuγ lḥal, qqlen γγaren i yiman-nsen “Afrikaan” neγ “Afrikanen”, yerna qqlen ttzuxxun s yiman-nsen imi ay d-lulen deg Tefriqt. Γas iles-nsen d tahulandit, maca nitni qqlen γγaren-as “tafrikant” (afrikaans), yerna yebda yettemgerrad, cwiṭ, cwiṭ, γef thulandit-nni taneṣlit. Llan ttasmen aṭas γef uzarug-nsen (indépendance), ur llin bγin ad ttwaqqnen γer udabu n Cape Town, yerna llan daγen ttḍafaren imedheb amasiḥi akalvini nsen kan, d win yemgerraden γef yimedheb ay ttḍafaren Yihulandiyen niḍen. D acu kan, deg useggas-nni n 1795 daγen, Ibriṭaniyen kksen tamdint n Cape Town i Yihulandiyen, yerna aya ad ibeddel akk amezruy n Tefriqt n Wenẓul.

 

 

Tama n Cape Town deg tallit n yemgura* n Napoleon (1795-1814)

 

Deg 1795, Fṛansa teẓdem γef Tmura n Wadda (Pays-Bas), dγa d aya ay yejjan Ihulandiyen ad ddun γer yidis n Fṛansa ed ad mseεdawen ed Wangliziyen. Aya yessagd Briṭanya Tameqrant, dγa tufa-d ssebba ad teṭṭef tama n Cape, deg wenẓul (sud) n Tefriqt. Yuγ lḥal, tama-a tesεa azal ameqran, imi ay d-tezga γef webrid n yiγerruba itteddun γer Lhend, dγa d aya ay yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ad ḥakṛen amkan-a qbel ad t-tesseqdec Fṛansa i wegzam n webrid i yiγerruba ibriṭaniyen ittekken seg-inna.

 

Napoleon Bonaparte

 

Sakkin, deg 1802, asmi ay d-yettustenya wemtawa n talwit n Amiens, Briṭanya Tameqrant terra tama n Cape i Yihulandiyen, yerna yeqqel-d udabu ahulandi γer temdint-nni. D acu kan, yules yenker wemgaru (ṭṭrad) deg 1803 yerna teqqel-d teεdawt-nni n zik. D aya ay yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ad alsen ad ṭṭfen tamdint n Cape deg 1806. Asmi ay yettwarna Napoleon, llant-d lemcawṛat deg Vienna, gar gar tmura yennuγen [1815], yerna deg lemcawṛat-nni, tettunekf tama n Cape i Yebriṭaniyen, maca tadyant-a d nettat ara d-yeglun s ccwal d ameqran gar udabu abriṭani ed yemhuras (colons) ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul.

 

Aklan ed “Yihottentoten”: 1806-1835

 

Asmi ay ṭṭfen Yebriṭaniyen tama n Cape Town, ufan imezdaγen n tama-a aṭas aya seg wasmi ay sseqdacen aklan, bitt teqqel tudert-nsen tettkel kan γef temsaklit (esclavage). Ula d Ifriqiyen ay yellan qeddcen d ixeddamen deg yegran n yimellalen llan qeddcen qrib baṭel, am waklan. Ineṣliyen n tama n Cape isem-nsen “Ixuyxuyen”, maca Afrikanen llan γγaren-asen “Ihottentoten”.

 

Aklan deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul 

 

Ibriṭaniyen ur msefhamen ed Yihulandiyen Afrikanen γef temsalt-a n usseqdec n waklan. Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, tebda tzerreε takti γer wegdud abriṭani i lmend n wegdal (amnaε) n temsaklit, dγa d aya ay yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ad d-bdun taḥemla i lmend n ufaki n temsaklit deg tama n Cape. Deg 1807, amni (parlement) abriṭani yessuffeγ-d yiwen n lqanun ay igedlen tanezzut (ttjaṛa) n waklan, yerna yeqqel yettwagdel γef yiγerruba ibriṭaniyen ad ttawyen aklan seg tmurt niḍen, am wakken ay yettwagdel γef tehras (colonies) tibriṭaniyin ad d-ssekcament aklan ara iqedcen deg-sent.

 

Deg tama n Cape, Ibriṭaniyen ssuffγen-d yiwen n lqanun, deg 1809, yettwassnen s yisem n « Lqanun n Yihottentoten » (maca Ibriṭaniyen γγaren-as Caledon Code). Lqanun-a yenna-d amellal ara yesqedcen afriqi d aqeddac fell-as, yessekf ad yestenyi leεqed n usseqdec, yerna lqanun-nni yessefra ad iεaqeb wid ara yeddun s yir tikli akked yiqeddacen-nsen ifriqiyen. Maca, seg tama niḍen, lqanun-a yekfa ttesriḥ i yimellalen akken ad sseqdacen ifriqiyen, yerna aqeddac afriqi ur yesεi ttesriḥ ad yeffeγ seg lfirma n wemεellem-nnes amellal arma yestenya-as uneggaru-a ttesriḥ.

 

Imeγdaden (missionnaires) ibriṭaniyen, am John Philip, sseknen-d urfan-nsen γef leqyud-a ayyes ttwarzen Yefriqiyen. Seg 1826 d asawen, asmi ay yeqqel Philip γer Briṭanya Tameqrant, yebda-d yiwet n tḥemla ijehden i wakken ad yettwaḥbes lbaṭel-a. Sakkin, deg 1828, taxxamt n wadda n wemni (parlement) abriṭani (House of Commons) tessukk yiwen n lqanun ay yerran tilelli i yineṣliyen n tama n Cape. Deg useggas-nni daγen, anebbaḍ (gouverneur) abriṭani n Cape yeḍmen tilelli n tikli i wakk imdanen “ilelliyen ur nelli d imellalen”.

 

D acu kan, Afrikanen (Ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) ur ten-yeεjib akk waya, yerna llan ttwalin tidyanin-a d axeṣṣar yerna mazal ad t-id-ḍefren wiyaḍ. Deg 1833, amni (parlement) abriṭani amaynut yessukk yiwen Lqanun n Wesderfi (Emancipation Act), d win ay yefkan tilelli i wakk aklan yellan deg yikallen ay ṭṭfen Yebriṭaniyen. Yuγ lḥal, s lqanun-a, yal akli yettalas ad yeqqel d ilelli sdeffir ma yessukk “assileγ (formation)” aydeg ara yelmed amek ara yedder d amdan ilelli. Deg tama n Cape, arma ay d 1838 ay tfuk temsaklit (esclavage).

 

Aya yejja Afrikaken (Ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) ad ḥulfun i weḥṛas n Yebriṭaniyen. Yuγ lḥal, Afrikanen llan ttwalin tudert-nsen n zik tettbeddil, imi Ibriṭaniyen, yellan d ibeṛṛaniyen fell-asen, llan ggaren-d iman-nsen deg tγawsiwin-nsen, yerna simal llan Yebriṭaniyen ssaẓẓayen-d izgaren-nsen, simal rennun Wafrikanen εezzlen iman-nsen fell-asen. Deg 1820, azal n 5000 n Yebriṭaniyen (d tiwaculin) ay d-yusan γer tama n Cape, yerna adabu abriṭani yekfa i yal tawacult seg-sen 100 n wakriyen (acres) n wakal.

 

Ddaw udabu abriṭani, d tanglizit ay yeqqlen d iles yettusseqdacen deg wexxam n ccṛeε. Ibriṭaniyen sbedden-d daγen iγerbazen deg tuddar yerna qqlen sselmaden deg-sen tanglizit. D acu kan, ayen ur neεjib ugar i Wafrikanen netta d taguri-nni ay llan ggaren-d iman-nsen Yebriṭaniyen deg wassaγen gar yiran (races) yemgerraden n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Yuγ lḥal, Afrikanen nnumen, deg leεwayed-nsen yagi, ḥeqren Ifriqiyen iberkanen, yerna ur qbilen Ibriṭaniyen ad d-gren iman-nsen deg temsalt-a. D aya ay yejjan ifellaḥen Afrikanen ad bdun Inig-nsen Ameqran (win umi semman Great Trek).

 

Yiwet n tmeṭṭut tafrikant (tahulandit n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) teḥka-d, war ma teffer iḥulfan-nnes, γef wurfan n Wafrikanen asmi ay bdan inig-nsen, dγa tenna-d Ibriṭaniyen εedlen gar waklan “ed Yimasiḥiyen, yerna aya ixulef leqwanin n Ṛebbi ed wemgerrad agmawi [naturel] gar yiri [race] ed ddin. Tuweḍ tegnit arma ay qqlen Yimasiḥiyen izedganen ur zmiren ad knun ddaw uzaglu amesbaṭli am wa; dγa d aya ay aγ-yejjan ad ninig akken ad neg leqrar i yimedheb-nneγ azedgan”.

 

Inig Ameqran: 1834-1836

 

Yuγ lḥal, Afrikanen llan ttwassnen, mi ur ten-teεjib tegnit aydeg ddren, llan ttaddamen lqecc-nsen, ttinigen akken ad beddlen amkan. Deg 1834, ifellaḥen afrikanen n tama tagmuḍant (tacerqit) n Cape uznen kraḍ trebbaε n yifaḍaḍen (éclaireurs) akkin i wasif n Orange, akken ad ẓren d acu yellan deg tmurt-nni.

 

Taklut (peinture) n Yinig Ameqran

 

Yiwet n terbaεt tedda γer ugafa-utrim (nord-ouest), sakkin tuweḍ arma d aneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra) n Kalahari , dγa teqqel-d. Maca tarbaεt ay yeddan γer ugafa (nord), tufa-d izuγar d iwesεanen, yerna ula d wid ay yeddan γer wegmuḍ (ccerq), γer tama n Natal (ay d-yezgan γef yiri n yilel [lebḥeṛ]) ufan-n din akal d agilal (fertile) akked teqḍiεin timeqranin n yiγersiwen iweḥciyen. D aya ay yesfeṛḥen Iboeren (ifellaḥen ihulandiyen) yerna iga-asen ifadden imeqranen akken ad ẓedmen γef tmiwa-a.

 

Isalan ay d-uwyen yifaḍaḍen-nni (éclaireurs) llan ṣeḥḥan, d acu kan, timiwa-nni wuγur llan tteddun Wafrikanen (Ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) akken ad tent-ṭṭfen llant daγen deg yiwet n tegnit tasertit yerwin, maca nitni ur ẓrin aya deg yiseggasen n 1830. Yuγ lḥal, timiwa-nni llan zedγen-tent Yefriqiyen ibantuten, yerna ineggura-a yufa-d lḥal yagi 20 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay la ttnaγen gar-asen. Yuγ lḥal, simal itteddu yimenγi gar Yefriqiyen, simal llant tewsatin (tribus) yettwarnan ttinigent γer yikallen ur nettwazdeγ, yerna d tidyanin-a n ccwal timeqranin umi γγaren “Mfecane”.

 

Wid inudan γef temsalt-a n yinig n Yefriqiyen deg tama-a, ufan-d yiwet seg ssebbat ay ten-yejjan ad ttinigen netta d tummγiwin-nni ay d-ttemmγen fell-asen yibeṛṛaniyen akken ad d-ṭṭfen seg-sen aklan. Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, llan yemsenza (ttejjaṛ) Iportugaliyen deg tama n Temda n Delagoa (deg wenẓul n Muzambik), yerna llan qeddcen ed wid ara asen-d-yeṭṭfen aklan, dγa d aya ay yesrewlen aṭas n yimezdaγen ifriqiyen seg tmiwa-nsen tineṣliyin [yerna uwḍen-d γer wakal n yiγerfan niḍen wukud qqlen ttnaγen]. D acu kan, llan daγen wid yettwalin, seg zik, ssebba n trewla-a n Yefriqiyen netta d lbaṭel ay yella yessukkuy-it fell-asen yiwen n yemḍebber azulu isem-nnes Shaka. Yuγ lḥal, nettwali ssebbat-a deg snat yid-sent ttekkant deg yinigen-a ed yimenγiyen gar Yefriqiyen.

 

Shaka, Imḍebber n Yizuliyen: 1816-1828

 

Shaka yella d memmi-s n yiwen n yemḍebber n Yizuluten, d acu kan, yettwakkes-as wayla ay d-yewṛet seg baba-s. Deg tallit-nni, Izuluten llan d tawsit (tribu) tamecṭuḥt seg tewsatin n Yibantuten. Llan wid ay yettwalin Shaka icuba, deg tmeddurt-nnes, yiwen n yemḍebber ameqran niḍen: Gengis Xan, imḍebber n Yimunguliyen. Yuγ lḥal, Shaka, am Gengis Xan, yebda-d tudert-nnes d amdan aḥerfi, ur yesεi kra n tezmert izaden. Sakkin, asmi ay yeqqel d imḍebber n tewsit-nnes, yeqqel d amdan ur nesεi ṛṛeḥma, am waken yeqqel d imḍebber aserdasi uẓwir.

 

 

Shaka, agellid n Yizuluten deg 1824

 

Shaka yeqqel d imḍebber n Yizuluten deg 1816, asmi ay yella qrib ad yaweḍ 30 n yiseggasen deg tudert-nnes. Deg tallit-nni, Izuluten llan d tarbaεt tamecṭuḥt n Yibantuten yesεan ala 1500 n medden, yerna llan zedγen deg tama umi γγaren ass-a Natal. D acu kan, asmi ay yeqqel Shaka d imḍebber-nsen, dindin kan yerra imgarayen (guerriers) izuluten d irgazen iweεṛen mliḥ deg wenrar n yimenγi. Nnig n rrebrab ay d-sseγlin yemgarayen n Shaka γef Yefriqiyen niḍen n tama-a, yerna-d daγen rrebrab-nni n wid yettṣeyyiden aklan.

 

Tiwsatin (tribus) tifriqiyin llant smenyafayent ad nnaγent ed yexṣimen-nsent seg mebεid, dγa imgarayen-nsent (guerriers) llan ttḍeggiren ixtucen-nsen (lances) seg mebεid γef yeεdawen-nsen, d aya ay ten-yettajjan ad ḍurren aεdaw war ma nḍerren nitni. D acu kan, Shaka yesnulfa-d tateknit tamaynut n yimenγi aydeg tirebbaε-nnes n yiserdasen (umi γγaren “impi”) llan ttḍeggiren ixtucen-nsen γef yeεdawen-nsen s lqerb, dγa d aya ay yettḥettimen iεdawen-nni ad d-iqerreb akken ad ikemmel imenγi. Iserdasen n “impi” llan ttuḥettmen, deg leεwayed n Yizuluten, akken ad ddren tudert-nsen akk war ma zewjen, yerna llan lemmden titaktiyin tuẓwirin n yimenγi, d tid ay zgan sseqdacen-tent yal tikkelt aydeg ara nnaγen ed yeεdawen-nsen.

 

Deg yimenγi, iserdasen izuluten n “impi” kkaten i waken ad nγen qrib akk irgazen n tewsit-nni (tribu) taεdawt wukud ara nnaγen, sakkin, wid ara d-yeqqimen ad ten-id-rnun γer yiγallen-nsen. Tikli-a-nsen tcuba tin n yigen (armée) acuri (assyrien) deg Lεiraq taqburt. S waya, iγallen n Yizuluten n Shaka ssawḍen ad d-sseγlin tugdi ed yixeṣṣaren imeqranen γef wakk tiwsatin n tama-a.

 

Tiwsatin (tribus) tifriqiyin ay yellan rewwlent γef Yizuluten seg Natal, llant keccment akal n tewsatin niḍen, dγa ḥeṛṛsent-tent yerna ttnaγent yid-sent γef wakal. Dγa, d aya ay d-yeglan s werway akked uxeṣṣar ameqran deg wassaγen (relations) gar akk tiwsatin tifriqiyin n tama-a, imi ay qqlent ttnaγent ama akked Yizuluten, ama gar-asent deg yiseggasen-nni n 1820, yerna d aya umi semman “Mfecane”, d awal azulu yebγan ad d-yini “aqhar”. Γef waken d-nnan kra n yimassanen, azal n sin n yimelyunen n medden ay yemmuten seg ccwalat-nni inekren deg tallit-nni.

 

Ma deg ugafa (nord) n wasif n Orange, d tawsit (tribu) n Yendebeleyen (Ndebele) ay yebdan tettnerni deg ljehd. Indebeleyen d ifriqiyen ibantuten niḍen, γγaren-asen daγen Imatabeleyen (Matabele), yerna qerben mliḥ γer Yizuluten. Imḍebber-nsen isem-nnes Mzilikazi, yerna yella d yiwen seg yijiniṛalen n Shaka, arma ay d asmi ay yennuγ yid-s deg 1822, dγa yerwel s netta, s lγaci-nnes, s lmal-nsen γer tama n Orange.

 

S waya, asmi ay εezmen Wafrikanen (Ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) ad bdun inig-nsen akken ad ṭṭfen akal amaynut, ufan-d tamurt-nni wuγur d-unagen, deg 1835, terwi mliḥ ama seg yidis utrim (aγerbi) n yedraren n Drakensberg, ama seg yidis agmuḍan (acerqi) n yedraren-a.

 

Imgarayen (guerriers) izuluten 

 

Imir-nni, yufa-d lḥal imḍebber Shaka yemmut. Γef waken d-nnan Wuṛufiyen imezwura ay d-yuran fell-as, Shaka temmurt yemma-s deg 1827, dγa d aya ay yesnernan teqseḥ n lewεaṛa-nnes, yerna yeqqel amzun d ameslub. Nnan-d γef ljal n waya yenγa azal n 7000 n Yizuluten i wakken ad yessens leḥzen-nnes. Anda iwala tlul-d tudert, ad tt-yeqḍeε. Yegdel-asen (yemneε-asen) i medden ula d azraε n lγella tamaynut, yerna yal tameṭṭut umi ara ifaq terfed s tadist ad tt-ineγ s nettat, s wergaz-nnes. I lmend n tmenγiwin-a akk, Shaka yella yesseqdac iserdasen-nnes n “impi”. D acu kan, deg 1828, aya akk yeḥbes asmi ay yemmut Shaka s ufus n gma-s umi γγaren Dingan. S waya, asmi ay d-uwḍen Wafrikanen (Ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) γer tama n Natal, d agellid Dingan ay ten-yemmugren.

 

Inig ameqran akked Yendebeleyen: 1836-1837

 

Seg 1836 d asawen, azal n 12000 n medden, amur ameqran deg-sen d tiwaculin n Yiboeren (ifellaḥen ed yimeksawen afrikanen – Ihulandiyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) akked yiqeddacen-nsen ifriqiyen bdan-d inig-nsen akken ad ttixren seg tama n Cape yellan ddaw udabu abriṭani. Dγa zegren asif n Orange akken ad ddun γer tmiwa n yizuγar iεlayanen n tlemmast n Tefriqt n Wenẓul neγ γer tama n Natal ay d-yezgan sdeffir yedraren n Drakensberg.

 

Tarbaεt tameqrant tamezwarut n yiminigen Iboeren tezger asif n Orange deg 1836. Tarbaεt-a llan deg-s azal n 200 n medden, sgujjen lqecc-nsen s tcariḍin yerna uwyen ula d lmal-nsen. Imḍebber-nsen d Hendrik Potgieter. Mi llan tteddun deg tmurt-nni tamaynut, ufan-tt d tilemt, ur llin deg-s yimezdaγen, imi tiwuγa-nni ay d-yellan gar tewsatin (tribus) tifriqiyin d tid ay yejjan tamurt ad texlu seg yimezdaγen-nnes. Aya ḥulfan-as Yiboeren-nni d ayen yelhan, maca deg tidet, aya dyiri-t, imi ixṣimen ifriqiyen ay llan tteddun ad ten-id-mlilen llan yagi ccuṛen d cceḥna i lmend n yimenγi, imi ussan-nni yella yegget yimenγi gar-asen ed Yefriqiyen niḍen.

 

Tarbaεt n Potgieter ed trebbaε ay tt-id-iḍefren llan tteddun akken ad awḍen γer wakal n Yendebeleyen, yerna timlilit-nsen tamezwarut ur tεeḍḍel tella-d. Yuγ lḥal, deg wayyur n Yulyu 1836, yiwet n terbaεt tamecṭuḥt n Yiboeren afrikanen zegren asif n Vaal, yerna uwḍen arma ay d tama n Parys. Din, mmγen-d fell-asen Yendebeleyen yerna nγan-ten. Deg Tubeṛ n useggas-nni, yella-d daγen yiwen n yimenγi d ameqran gar Yiboeren ed Yendebeleyen deg Vegkop. Yuγ lḥal, ass-nni Potgieter yella yesεa kan 40 n yergazen, maca yessaweḍ ad yemmager igen (armée) n wazal n 5000 n Yendebeleyen.

 

Imenɣi n Vegtop, 1836

 

Potgieter, i wakken ad iḥudd tarbaεt-nnes, yesseqdec yiwet n tteknit taqburt deg umezruy, ula d Ihusiyen (Hussites) llan sseqdacen-tt deg lqern wis 15. Yessegrew-d ticariḍin-nni n terbaεt-nnes, gant timdewweṛt amzun d leḥṣin ara ten-iḥudden seg yexṣimen-nsen, yerna d aya umi γγaren s “laager” s tafrikant (tahulandit n Tefriqt n Wenẓul).

 

S waya, Iboeren llan zemren ad qerrsen s lbaṛud-nsen γef Yendebeleyen, deg lweqt aydeg ineggura-a yella yewεeṛ fell-asen ad ḥazen Iboeren-nni yeddurin sdeffir tcariḍin-nsen. Indebeleyen mmγen snat tikkal γef Yiboeren, maca ur ssawḍen ad ten-rnun. Ma d Iboeren-nni, rran-d tiyita s teqseḥ yerna nγan azal n 500 n Yendebeleyen s yibeckiḍen-nsen. Yuγ lḥal, ala sin n Yiboeren ay yemmuten, ma d 40 niḍen jerḥen.

 

Potgieter, i wakken ad d-yerr ttaṛ, yeεzem ad asen-yeg tanegzart (massacre) i Yendebeleyen. Yuγ lḥal, yella yebγa, s waya, ad asen-d-yessken d imellalen ay yeqqlen d imḍebbren imaynuten n tmurt-nni. Deg 1837, ddan kra n Yiboeren s yiysan (iεudiwen), yerna kfan axeṣṣar i wugar n 12 n tuddar tindebeleyin. Iboeren-a llan ttqerriben γer tuddar-nni s tuffra, sakkin cwiṭ kan qbel ad taley tfejrit, ad mmγen fell-asent, yili imezdaγen-nsent mazal-iten ṭṭsen, dγa ad nγen medden d tirni. S waya, ssawḍen ad d-akren azal n 6000 n yiγfawen n lmal (tifunasin), yerna ta yebγa-tt Potgieter d tabṛat i Yefriqiyen iberkanen: d abeckiḍ, amrig (leslaḥ) n yimellalen, d netta ara yeqqlen d imḍebber deg tmurt-nni.

 

Deg Tubeṛ n 1837, Potgieter yedda ed yiwen n wezlu (commando) n 330 n yergazen γer ugafa (nord), anda ay zedγen Yendebeleyen, yerna yella yebγa ad yemmeγ fell-asen tummγa taneggarut ayyes ara ten-yernu ed ad ten-yerẓ. Imellalen iboeren ed Yefriqiyen indebeleyen qqimen ttnaγen 9 wussan deg tama n wasif n Marico, sakkin, Indebeleyen walan iman-nsen ttuḥettmen ad jebden iman-nsen, dγa rewlen γer wakal yellan akkin i wasif n Limpopo. Yuγ lḥal, deg wakal-nni, yagi, ay yessebded yemḍebber n Yendebeleyen, Mzilikazi, tagelda-nnes tamaynut.

 

Γef wakken d-nnan Yiboeren-nni n Potgieter, azal n 3000 n Yendebeleyen ay yemmuten deg yimenγiyen n wussan-nni, yerna ur yemmut ula d yiwen n Wafrikan amellal. Maca ayyuren ay d-iḍefren d wid ay d-yuwyen ccwal i Yiboeren yettekkan deg Yinig-nni Ameqran.

 

Iboeren ed Yizuluten: 1837-1838

 

Piet Retief yella d amdan yesεan azal γer Yiboeren Afrikanen ay yeqqimen deg tama tagmuḍant (tacerqit) n Cape (yellan ddaw udabu abriṭani). Deg Fuṛaṛ 1837, yura-d deg weγmis n Grahamstown Journal, γef lḥif aydeg llan Yiboeren deg tama n Cape, yerna yenna-d ineggura-a ḥwajen ad d-afen tamurt tamaynut wuγur ara ddun. Sakkin, dindin kan walan Yiboeren (Afrikanen) ayen akken ay d-yura Retief d llsas ara asen-igen ifadden i wakken bdun Inig-nsen Ameqran, akken ay tga terbaεt n Potgieter ed tid ay tt-iḍefren.

 

Piet Retief

 

Retief yedda ed terbaεt-nnes γer ugafa (nord) i wakken ad yaweḍ γer terbaεt tameqrant n yiminigen iboeren ay ten-yezwaren yerna qqimen deg tama n Thaba Nchu (d yiwen wedrar γγaren-as daγen Wafrikanen “adrar n Blesberg). Dinna, Iboeren fernen Retief d anebbaḍ-nsen (gouverneur) yerna d imḍebber-nsen aserdasi. D aya ay d-yesnekren tismin n Potgieter yerna iḥulfa i yiman-nnes yettwaεzel. Yuγ lḥal, Potgieter iwet akk ayen yezmer (s ussenger n tuddar n Yendebeleyen) i wakken ad asen-d-yessken i Yiboeren zemren ad zedγen deg laman deg tama-nni. D acu kan, Retief yebda yettxemmim ad jjen tama-nni imi, γef leḥsab-nnes, tama n Natal yezmer ad yili deg-s wugar n laman.

 

Deg Γuct n 1837, Retief yuzen ifaḍaḍen (éclaireurs) γer tama-nni. Yuγ lḥal, i wakken ad awḍen Yiboeren γer Natal, yessekf fell-asen ad kken γef yedraren n Drakensberg. Dγa, ifaḍaḍen-nni ay yuzen Retief, rran-as-d s lexber ufan-d 5 n tizza ayseg zemren ad kken seg yedraren-a akken ad awḍen γer Natal. Deg tlemmast n Tubeṛ n useggas-nni, Retief yuwey yid-s yiwet n terbaεt tamecṭuḥt n Yiboeren, kkan γef yedraren n Drakensberg, yerna uwḍen γer uzaγar-nni agilal (fertile) n Natal. Yuγ lḥal, Retief yufa-d din yiwet n tmurt icebḥen s waṭas, yerna d tin ayseg rewlen yineṣliyen. Yuγ lḥal, ala d tuddar yexlan n Yefriqiyen ay d-yufa din, imi iserdasen izuluten n Shaka ed gma-s, Dingan, kfan axeṣṣar i wakk ayt tama-nni.

 

Retief yedda, deg tazwara γer Port Natal (win umi semman ass-a Durban). Yuγ lḥal, din, yufa cwiṭ n usagen (lmerṣa) aydeg llan kra n yemsenza (ttejjaṛ) ibriṭaniyen. Ineggura-a nnan-as agellid azulu Dingan, γef wakken d-yettban, yettajja Uṛufiyen ad ṭṭfen timiwa yexlan yellan deg wenẓul n wasif n Tugela.

 

D aya ay yejjan Retief ad yeεzem ad yeddu ad yemlil ed ugellid Dingan. Dγa yuwey yid-s 4 seg yergazen-nnes akked sin n yemhuras (colons) ibriṭaniyen n Port Natal i wakken ad as-ilin d imsuqqlen (traducteurs), sakkin ddan γer leqṣer n ugellid Dingan, ay d-yezgan deg Umgungundhlovu. Uwḍen γer din deg wass n 7 Nwembeṛ 1837. Amkan-nni ijebbed-d lwelha, ladγa s yiwet n tiγilt anda Dingan yella ineγγ medden war ṛṛeḥma. D acu kan, mi uwḍen γer-s Yiboeren-nni imellalen, agellid Dingan yessegrew-d azal n 4000 seg yiserdasen-nnes izuluten, yerna qqimen ceḍḍḥen sin wussan akken ad ṛeḥḥben s yimellalen-nni.

 

Sakkin, agellid Dingan yecqer Retief akken ay ceqqren yigelliden deg tmucuha. Yuγ lḥal, ussan-nni ya kan, Dingan yettwaker-as lmal, dγa yenna-as i Retief lemmer ad as-d-yaf lmal-nnes ed ad as-t-id-yerr, Dingan ad asen-yekf i yimellalen akk akal ay d-yezgan gar yisafen n Tugela ed Umzimvubu.

 

Yuγ lḥal, Retief ixemmem aya d ayen fessusen, imi lemmer kan ad d-yaf taqḍiεt n lmal yettwakren, ad t-id-ṣaḥen azal n 300 n yikilumitren n tefsirin (côtes) ed wakal ! Maca deg tidet, Dingan ur yelli deg nneyya-nnes ad yeṭṭef deg wawal-nnes, imi yagi, iṛeggem aya i 4 n Wuṛufiyen niḍen ay d-yerzan fell-as qbel Retief, yerna ur asen-yekfi acemma. Γas akken, Retief yumen agellid Dingan, yerna yessaweḍ ad d-yaf lmal-nni. Deg tidet, d yiwen n yemḍebber afriqi ay t-yukren i ugellid Dingan.

 

Gar waya ed wayen niḍen, isalan-a uwḍen γer yiminigen-nni iboeren yellan ttṛajun sdeffir yedraren n Draneksberg akken ad ḍefren Retief γer Natal, dγa feṛḥen imi ay tezmer ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tmurt s lekmal-nnes s tefses am ta. D aya ay ten-yejjan ad bdun ad d-ttadren s waṭas. Deg tgara n wayyur n Nwembeṛ 1837, azal n 1000 n tcariḍin n Yiboeren ay d-yuwḍen γer Natal.

 

Yuγ lḥal, Dingan ur iγil anect-nni akk n Wuṛufiyen ara d-iẓedmen fell-as. Zik, yennum kan yeẓẓar kra n yimeγdaden (missionnaires) ed yemsenza (ttejjaṛ) ay d-yettasen γer Port Natal. Maca tikkelt-nni, iwala imellalen ttenγalen-d γer tmurt s waṭas, yerna yugad lemmer s tidet ad as-kksen tamurt. Asmi ay t-id-uwḍen yisalan γef tnegzarin-nni (massacres) ay iga Potgieter i Yendebeleyen deg tama n wasif n Marico, ula d agellid Dingan n Yizuluten yugad, dγa yeεzem ad yeqqel deg wawal-nnes.

 

Asmi ay yedda Retief akken ad yeg leεqed ed ugellid Dingan i lmend n tukci n wakal-nni, agellid-a yemmuger-iten s tmeγra tameqrant. Yuγ lḥal, Retief yedda akked yiwet n terbaεt n 70 n Yiboeren, gar-asen yella ula d memmi-s n 14 n yiseggasen. Dingan yeqqim d ussan itteg-asen-d timeγriwin n ccḍeḥ n yiserdasen izuluten sakkin, yestenya yiwen n leεqed aydeg yesteεṛef s wakal-nni ay iṛeggem i Retief d ayla n yimellalen. D acu kan, deg wass n 6 Fuṛaṛ 1838, mi asen-iga Dingan tameγra i ubeqqi n sslam, mmγen-d yiserdasen-nnes izuluten γef Yiboeren-nni imellalen, sakkin zzuγren-ten γer tiγilt-nni anda ay nnumen neγγen wid ayγef yettwaḥkem s tmattant. Nγan-ten akk, ur d-jjin ula d yiwen, yerna jjan tifekkiwin-nsen din akken ad tent-ccent tmejdirin (vautours).

 

Sakkin, Dingan yerra-d lwelha-nnes γer yiminigen-nni imellalen niḍen ay yebdan ttawḍen-d yerna zerrεen deg tama n wasif n Tugela ed yisafen iqerben γer-s (amur ameqran seg-sen qqimen deg tama n wasif n Bloukrans). Deg tfejrit n 17 Fuṛaṛ 1838, imgarayen (guerriers) izuluten mmγen γef twaculin-nni n Yiboeren. Azal n 300 n yimellalen ay yemmuten, yerna ddan yid-sen azal n 200 seg yiqeddacen-nsen ifriqiyen.

 

Maca imenγi gar Yiboeren ed Yizuluten werεad ifuk. Iboeren ssawḍen ad menεen i tmattant deg tegrest n 1838, imi ay bnan ifergan ay d-yezzin i yegriren-nsen (camps) akken ad ḥudden iman-nsen. D acu kan, arma ay d Nwembeṛ n useggas-nni ay d-yuweḍ win ara iεawnen Iboeren. Wa d Andries Pretorius.

 

Pretorius deg Natal: 1838-1837

 

Pretorius yella d afellaḥ Afrikan (Aboer). Asmi ay yesla s tedyant-nni n tmenγiwt n Yiboeren ay yeḍran deg Natal, yeεzem ula d netta ad yinig. Yuγ lḥal, taγawsa tamezwarut akk ay yeqsed ad tt-yeg nettat ad tiririt n ttaṛ, dγa yessefra ad yeg amgaru (ṭṭrad) akked ugellid azulu Dingan. Dduṛt kan seg wasmi ay yuweḍ γrr Natal, iminigen iboeren fernen-t d imḍebber-nsen aserdasi. Dγa yebda yettṣeggim-iten akken ad gen iγallen imsellḥen ijehden i lmend n yimenγi mgal Yizuluten. Pretorius yessefra ad yeẓdem γef temdint anda yettili Dingan, d acu kan, lemmer ad d-yemlil ed Yizuluten deg webrid-nnes, yessefra ad yerwel γer wemkan iwutan i wakken ad iḥudd iman-nnes. Pretorius yufa-d yiwen n wemkan iwutan i lmend n waya, d cwiṭ n wakal ay d-yezgan sdat wasif n Ncome, gar wasif-a ed yiwen n wasif niḍen d amecṭuḥ. Amkan-nni d akal iḥeṛsen gar yisafen. Din ay yefren ad yennaγ akked Yizuluten. Deg wass n, 16 Dujembeṛ 1838, usan-d azal n 15000 n yemgarayen (guerriers) izuluten, mmγen γef wemkan-nni anda ay llan Yiboeren. D acu kan, ineggura-a rran-d tiyita s yibeckiḍen akked 3 n lemdafeε. Yuγ lḥal, d imellalen ay yellan jehden deg yimenγi-a. Imrigen (leslaḥ) n tmes n Yiboeren d win ay igan tanegzart (massacre) tameqrant deg Yefriqiyen, ma d ineggura-a amrig-nsen awḥid netta d ixtucen-nni (lances) ay llan ttzellin-ten seg mebεid. Ass-nni tameddit, Iboeren ssawḍen ad nγen 3000 n Yizuluten, yerna aṭas seg-sen γerqen, daγen, mi εerḍen ad d-zegren isafen-nni ay d-yezzin γef wemkan-nni. Ula d yiwen n Uboer ur yemmut. Yuγ lḥal, seg wass-nni, asif n Ncome qqlen γγaen-as Blood River neγ Asif n Yidammen.

 

Andries Pretorius

 

Asmi ay uwḍen Yiboeren γer Umgungundhlovu (tamdint anda yettili ugellid Dingan), ufan-tt d amkan yexlan, ur d-yeqqim deg-s yiwen. Sakkin, ulyen γer tiγilt-nni ay d-yezgan din, ufan ayen d-yeqqimen seg tfekkiwin n Retief ed yimeddukal-nsen. Γef wakken d-nnan, ufan-d yiwet n tculliḍt n weglim γer tfekka n Retief, mi tt-ledyen, ufan-d deg-s leεqed-nni aydeg agellid Dingan yekfa amur ameqran seg wakal n Natal i Retief, d acu kan, kra n yimassanen nnan-d lkaγeḍ-a werjin yelli, wanag yesnulfa-t-id kan Pretorius i wakken ad d-yaf ssebba ad yennaγ mgal Yizuluten γef tmurt-nsen. Asmi ay yessaweḍ Pretorius ad yernu Izuluten, yebda iqeddec i wakken ad yessebded tagduda n Yiboeren deg tama n Natal, d tin ara yilin d Awanak (ddula) imzireg (indépendant). Dγa bnan yiwet n temdint tamecṭuḥt, semman-as Pietermaritzburg, yerna d tin ay rran d tamaneγt-nsen. Sakkin, fernen yiwen n wegraw n 24 n yimaslaḍen (membres) i wakken ad yili d anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n tegduda-a. Ma d Pretorius yettwafren d imḍebber ameqran n tmurt-a umi semman Natalia. Agellid Dingan n Yizuluten yella yesεa yiwen n gma-s isem-nnes Mpande. Yiwet n tikkelt, Mpande yexdeε gma-s agellid, yerna yedda γer yidis n Yiboeren (Afrikanen). D aya ay t-yejjan ad yezger asif n Tugela ed ad yekcem γer Natalia akked wazal n 17000 seg Yizuluten ay t-iḍefren. Mi yuweḍ γer Pietermaritzburg, imellalen Iboeren gan-as tameγra i Mpande, yerna semman-as “ageldun n Yizuluten iminigen”.

 

Deg yiwen n yimenγi ay d-yellan deg 1840, yella-d yiwen n yimenγi gar yiγallen n Dingan akked wid n gma-s Mpande (ay εawnen Yiboeren). Dingan yettwarna deg yimenγi-nni, dγa yerwel γer ugafa, γer wakal n Yeswaziyen (Swazi). Ma d Mpande yettusemma-d d agellid n Yizuluten. S waya, asmi ay yettwarna ugellid Dingan, Iboeren ufan iman-nsen cwiṭ n wakud deg “tmurt-nsen” tamaynut. D acu kan, ur iεeḍḍel yuweḍ-iten-id ccwal seg yidis niḍen. Yuγ lḥal, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani yebda, deg tallit-nni, yettakf ugar n wazal i temdint n Port Natal, ladγa imi asagen-nnes (lmerṣa) d netta ay d awḥid ay d-yezgan deg wemkan yesεan aman ilqayanen deg wakk tafsirt-nni (côte) tagmuḍant (tacerqit) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul (dγa d win kan ay d asagen awḥid anda ay zemren ad ḥebsen yiγerruba imeqranen). Llan daγen wid ay d-yennan Ibriṭaniyen llan bγan ad d-gren daγen iman-nsen deg tama-a i wakken “ad ḥudden” Ifriqiyen yettwaḥeqren deg Natal s ufus n Yiboeren. Yuγ lḥal, asmi ay yensa ccwal deg Natal, bdan Yefriqiyen tteqqalen γer tuddar-nsen ay jjan zik, dγa d aya ay yejjan Iboeren ad qqlen γer leεwayed-nni-nsen n tḥeqranit n Yefriqiyen. Deg 1842, tedda yiwet n terbaεt n yiserdasen iluganen (réguliers) ibriṭaniyen γer tama n Natalia. Iserdasen-a kecmen γer tmurt-a yerna ddan γer temdint n Port Natal (umi γγaren ass-a Durban), war ma yebded-asen yiwen deg webrid. Amenzaḍ (commandant) n Yebriṭaniyen yeqqim yettemcawaṛ 3 n ledwaṛ akked yemḍebber Pretorius n Yiboeren. Sakkin, deg wass n 22 Mayyu, Pretorius yekkes-asen lmal-nsen i yiserdasen-nni ibriṭaniyen, dγa azekka-nni ya kan yenker yimenγi gar Yebriṭaniyen ed Wafrikanen (Iboeren), maca d ineggura-a ay yernan iserdasen-nni ibriṭaniyen. Deg yimenγi-nni, 49 n yiserdasen ibriṭaniyen ay yemmuten, yerna imrigen-nsen (leslaḥ) yeγli gar yifassen n Yiboeren. Yuγ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen-nni jjan-d ula d lemdafeε.

 

D acu kan, dindin kan tuweḍ-d yiwet n tferqaḍt (frigate – d aγerrabu n yiserdasen) tabriṭanit, yerna deg Mayyu n 1843, rsen-d yiserdasen ibriṭaniyen deg Natal ed rran tama-a d tahrest (colonie) tabriṭanit. Sakkin, Ibriṭaniyen uznen tarbaεt seg yiserdasen-nsen akken ad ṭṭfen tamdint n Pietermaritzburg, tamaneγt (capitale) n tegduda taboerit n Natalia. S waya, sdeffir ma wten Yiboeren 8 n yiseggasen nitni rewwlen γef Yebriṭaniyen, ufan-d iman-nse, tikkelt niḍen ddaw udabu-nsen. Nnig waya, asmi ay ṭṭfen Yebriṭaniyen tama n Natal, ula dinna kfan izerfan n “tlelli” i Yefriqiyen, yerna ur jjin Iboeren ad ten-ḥeqren akken ay asen-yehwa i nitni. D aya ay yejjan Iboeren ad ddmen lqecc-nsen, am leεwayed, ed ad inigen akken ad beddlen amkan. Dγa d abrid-nni ay ten-id-yekfan (seg yedraren n Drakensberg) ay ten-yerran. Pretorius yella d yiwen seg Yiboeren ineggura ay yeffγen seg Natal. Yuγ lḥal iεeḍḍel din imi ay yeḍmeε ad yaweḍ, s lemcawṛat, γer kra n tifrat ed Yebriṭaniyen, maca aya ur yenfiε. Deg 1847, yeddem 300-nni n twaculin tiboerin ay d-yeqqimen, yeffeγ yid-sent seg tama n Natal, yeqqel γer tmiwa-nni n wasif n Orange ayseg d-yekka. Dγa deg tama-nni ay ssawḍen Yiboeren ad ddren i yiman-nsen, war ma ḍefren-ten-id Yebriṭaniyen. D acu kan, ula din, yella itteddu-d γer-sen ccwal.

 

 

Awanak Ilelli n Orange akked Transvaal: 1843-1884

 

Iboeren-nni ay yeddan γer Orange, qqimen din, yerna llan ula d wid ay izegren asif n Vaal [deg ugafa (nord)] yerna ssawḍen ad qqimen din. Dγa, asmi ay d-ffγen Yiboeren n Natal seg tama-a gar 1843 ed 1847, ula d nitni rnan γer waytmanten-nsen ay izedγen yagi deg tama n wasif n Orange ed wasif n Vaal. Dγa deg tmurt-nni ay ssawḍen Wafrikanen ad d-meslen, deg 40 n yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren, idles-nsen ara yeqqimen ar ass-a. Yuγ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen yeṭṭfen timiwa n Cape ed Natal ur asen-yeεjib lḥal ad ẓren Afrikanen ddren beṛṛa i tecḍaḍt-nsen, yerna llant snat n ssebbat ay ten-yejjan ad agaden seg waya. Tamezwarut, Ibriṭaniyen llan, am leεwayed, “ttxemmimen” γef Yefriqiyen yerna ur bγin ad ttwaḥeqren s ufus n Wafrikanen (Iboeren). D acu kan, imi Iboeren d ifellaḥen, ḥwajen iqeddacen deg wakal-nsen, dγa sseqdacen Ifriqiyen s tḥeqranit, am waklan, d aya ay yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ur asen-iεejjeb lḥal seg yidis-a. Ssebba tis snat nettat Ibriṭaniyen llan sεan yiwen n webrid ay itteddun seg tama n Cape arma d daxel n Tefriqt. Win d abrid n tnezzut (ttjaṛa), yettaweḍ arma d Kuruman (d amkan anda ay yeqdec Livingstone deg 1841), yerna ittekk rrif n uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra) n Kalahari. Dγa imi Iboeren llan ssemγaren akal-nsen n tfellaḥt γer tama n utaram (lγerb), anda ay d-yezga webrid-nni, Ibriṭaniyen ugaden lemmer ad asen-gezmen Yiboeren abrid-nni, dγa xemmen amek ara d-rren Iboeren γer ddaw udabu-nsen. Snat n tikkal ay εerḍen Yebriṭaniyen ad qqnen timura-nni timaynuten n Yiboeren γer udabu abriṭani, maca, yal tikkelt, tettarra-ten tmara ad jebden iman-nsen.

 

Sir Harry Smith

 

Tikkelt tamezwarut aydeg d-hedfen Yebriṭaniyen γer tmura n Yiboeren tella-d deg 1848. Sir Harry Smith yeqqel, imir-nni, d imwekkel abriṭani n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, dγa yeεzem ad yeqqen akal yellan gar yisafen n Orange ed Vaal γer udabu abriṭani. Akal-nni yerra-t d tamnaḍt (province) tabriṭanit umi isemma Orange River Sovereignty. D acu kan, Iboeren gan tanekra i wakken ad ssuffγen Ibriṭaniyen seg “wakal”-nsen, yerna d Andries Pretorius ay yellan d imḍebber-nsen. Deg tazwara, Iboeren ssawḍen ad rren iγallen ibriṭaniyen, yerna ḥettmen-ten ad zegren asif n Orange akken ad qqlen γer tama n Cape. D acu kan, Smith (imḍebber abriṭani), yuwey-d ugar n yiserdasen, yerna yeqqel γer tama n Orange. Deg yimenγi ay d-yellan gar Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren deg 1848, deg Boomplaats, Pretorius ed yiserdasen-nnes ttwarnan. Aneggaru-a yejbed iman-nnes γer tama n Vaal, anda ara yebεed γef Yebriṭaniyen. D acu kan, adabu abriṭani iwala yewεeṛ fell-as ad ikemmel ad yeḥkem tamnaḍt-a (pronvince) n Orange River Sovereignty, imi tella d tama ay zedγen Yiboeren (yemseεdawen ed Yebriṭaniyen), tella tebεed ama γef tama n Cape, ama γef yilel (lebḥeṛ), yerna d tama aydeg zgan yimellalen ttnaγen ed yemḍebbren ifriqiyen ay ten-id-isuman γef wakal. Deg 1854, Ibriṭaniyen kksen adabu-nsen seg temnaḍt n Orange, yerna steεṛfen s uzarug (indépendance) n tegduda tafrikant n tama-a. Yuγ lḥal, tagduda-nni qqlen γγaren-as Awanak (ddula) Ilelli n Orange.

 

Iboeren n Uwanak Ilelli n Orange gan-d tamenḍawt-nsen (Constitution) i yiman-nsen, d tin aydeg sdukklen timuγliwin tiboerin akked tid n Yimarikaniyen ed Yihulandiyen. Iles unṣib n tegduda-a d tahulandit. Taklizt Tasmeskilt (réformée) Tahulandit teqqel d nettat ay d ddyana tunṣibt n tmurt. Tamenḍawt n tegduda-a tekfa tilelli i Wuṛufiyen, maca tekkes-itt i yiqedacen Ifriqiyen. Yal argaz amellal yesεa azref ad yettekki deg tefranin, yerna tettwaḍmen-asen tlelli n tγemsa (presse). Deg 1857, Iboeren izedγen deg Transvaal (deg tama n wasif n Vaal) sbedden-d ula d nitni tagduda-nsen. Yuγ lḥal, deg useggas-nni, Iboeren-nni n wenẓul (sud) n tama n Transvaal sγerten (déclarer) azarug (indépendance) n tegduda-nsen umi semman “Tagduda n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Imḍebber-nnes d Marthinus Pretorius, memmi-s n Andries Pretorius (ay yemmuten deg 1853). Deg 1860, Pretorius yettwafren d aselway n tegduda-a n Yiboeren, yerna yeqqim deg wemkan-nni arma ay d 1871. Deg 1855, semman-as i tmaneγt-nsen “Pretoria” akken ad rren tamilt i Andries Protorius, baba-s n uselway. S waya, qqlen Yiboeren sεan snat n tegdudyin timzirag (indépendantes), maca ala yiwet seg-sent, Awanak Ilelli n Orange, ay yessawḍen ad yedder deg werkad yerna ad yesserbeḥ tadamsa-nnes. Ma d Tagduda n Tefriqt n Wenẓul tella tesεa uguren deg tedrimt yerna imḍebbren-nnes ur ssawḍen akken ad ten-frun. D aya ay yessawḍen tamurt-a, deg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 1870 γer weflas. Γef ljal n wuguren-a, asmi ay d-usan Yebriṭaniyen akken ad qqnen Tagduda n Tefriqt n Wenẓul γer udabu abriṭani, ur llin aṭas n Wafrikanen (Iboeren) ay yugin aya, deg 1877.

 

D acu kan, cwiṭ n yiseggasen sakkin, bdan nekkren-d kra seg-sen ay yulsen tamuγli deg waya, ladγa asmi ay d-yenker Paul Kruger, d win ara yeqqlen d imḍebber ameqran akk deg umezruy n tama n Transvaal. Kruger yeεreḍ ad yemciweṛ s ṣṣber d ameqran akked Yebriṭaniyen akken ad tesεu tama n Transvaal tafulmant-nnes (autonomie), maca ur yessaweḍ ad d-iḥeṛṛeṛ kra izaden. Sakkin, deg Dujembeṛ n 1880, Iboeren ulsen sγerten (déclarer) azarug (indépendance) n Transvaal i tikkelt tis snat, yerna tikkelt-a refden imrigen (leslaḥ) akken ad d-ssukksen tamurt-nsen seg ddaw udabu abriṭani. Yuγ lḥal, Iboeren ssawḍen ad rnun iγallen ibriṭaniyen ay d-yettwaznen akken ad d-rren Transvaal γer udabu abriṭani. Deg yimenγi n Majuba, deg Fuṛaṛ 1881, Ibriṭaniyen ccan tiyita d tameqrant sγur Yiboeren. Yuγ lḥal, Aneγlaf Amenzu abriṭani, Gladstone, yella yettxemmim yif-it lemmer d ay ur giren Yebriṭaniyen iman-nsen deg tγawsiwin n Yiboeren, yerna yesmenyaf ad jebden Yebriṭaniyen iman-nsen seg wakal ay ṭṭfen Yiboeren. S waya, llant-d lemcawṛat timaynutin gar Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren deg 1884, yerna lemcawṛat-nni fukent s westeεṛef n Yebriṭaniyen s uzarug (indépendance) n Tegduda n Tefriqt n Ugafa (deg tama n Transvaal).

 

Akal n yineṣliyen: 1843-1906

 

Akal-nni ay ṭṭfen Yiboeren llan zzin-d fell-as yikallen n tewsatin (tribus) timeqranin n Yefriqiyen ay ten-izedγen, dγa ad naf, deg lqern wis 19, Uṛufiyen bedren-d timura n: Basutoland, Bechanaland, Swazilad ed Zululand. Yuγ lḥal, yal yiwet seg tmura-a teqqel tesεa azal deg tsertit tabriṭanit n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Tamurt tamezwarut seg-sent ay d-rran Yebriṭaniyen ddaw tecḍaḍt-nsen d tamurt n Yisothoten. Ta d tamurt tamecṭuḥt n yedraren umi llan γγaren daγen, deg tallit-nni, “Basutoland”. Isothoten (umi γγaren daγen “Ibasutoten”) llan tteddren deg yedraren n Drakensberg akked tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-asen. Deg lqern wis 19, asmi ay d-uwḍen Wuṛufiyen (Afrikanen ed Yebriṭaniyen) γer tmurt-nsen, yufa-d lḥal yagi Isothoten yella yessefcel-iten yimenγi, yerna rewwlen γer tama n utaram (lγerb) akken ad selken seg rrebrab n yiserdasen izuluten. D acu kan, Isothoten llan sεan yiwen n yemḍebber d ameqran, Moshoeshoe. D netta ay ten-yesdukklen deg yiseggasen n 1820, yerna yerra-ten d aγlan (nation). Agellid-a yerna yessemγer tazmert n tewsit-nnes (tribu) asmi ay d-yerna γer-s imdanen ay d-irewlen seg tewsatin niḍen. Nnig waya, yella iḥemmel ad yemsewwaq ed Wuṛufiyen yellan γef tlisa n tmurt-nnes, ama d Iboeren (Afrikanen), ama d Ibriṭaniyen.

 

Agellid Moshoeshoe

 

Moshoeshoe yeεzem ad yeg tamsisit (alliance) akked Yebriṭaniyen, imi ay ixemmem aya yezmer ad yenfeε tamurt-nnes. Deg 1843, yessaweḍ ad iqenneε ibriṭaniyen akken ad as-ḥudden tamurt-nnes. D acu kan, deg 1854, asmi ay qqnen Yebriṭaniyen tamurt tafrikant n Orange River Sovereignty γer udabu-nsen, kksen aḥuddu-nsen γef tmurt n Yisothoten. S waya, asmi ay d-nnulfant snat-nni n tmura tiboerin timaynutin (Tafriqt n Wenẓul akked Uwanak Ilelli n Orange), qqlen Yisothoten sεan aṭas n wuguren n tlisa yid-sent, yerna ur d-ufin Ibriṭaniyen γer tama-nsen akken ad ten-ḥudden. D acu kan, Moshoeshoe yedder arma ay d asmi ay yessaweḍ, i tikkelt tis snat, ad yessers tamurt-nnes ddaw tecḍaḍt n Yebriṭaniyen. Yuγ lḥal, deg 1868, Ibriṭaniyen qeblen ad qqnen tamurt-nnes, Basutoland, γer udabu-nsen. Deg 1869, Ibriṭaniyen stenyan leεqed akked Uwanak Ilelli n Orange i lmend n wemsefham γef tlisa tineggura n Basutoland. S waya, asmi ay yemmut Moshoeshoe, deg 1870, yessaweḍ ad d-yessukkes tagelda-nnes (royaume), d tin ay ikemmlen tedder ddaw tecḍaḍt tabriṭanit arma ay d asmi ay tuwey azarug-nnes (indépendance) deg 1966, yerna teqqel tettwassen s yisem n Lesotho. Bechuanaland tella d tamurt ay d-yezgan deg utaram (lγerb) n Transvaal), d acu kan, tilia-nnes ed yimezdaγen-nnes llan ur banen am wid n Basutoland. Yuγ lḥal, akal n tmurt-a llan bḍan-t aṭas n yemḍebbren ifriqiyen gar-asen, yerna llan zgan ttnaγen γef tlisa. D aya ay yejjan Iboeren ad tεeddayen γef tlisa n tmurt-a yerna ad as-d-ttetten akal cwiṭ, cwiṭ, arma ay d asmi ay d-rran Yebriṭaniyen lwelha-nsen s aya. Deg 1882, Iboeren sbedden-d deg wakal n Bechuanaland snat tegdudyin timecṭuḥin. Yiwet d Stellaland, tayeḍ d Goshen. Snat-a n tegdudyin yelfa-d zgant-d deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n webrid-nni ay sseqdacen Yebriṭaniyen akken ad ddun seg tama n Cape γer tama n wasif n Zambezi (sdaxel Tefriqt). Nnig waya, Almaniyen (ay d-ikecmen Tafriqt n Wenẓul-Utrim [Sud-Ouest]), bdan ssaẓẓayen-d izgaren-nsen seg tama tutrimt (taγerbit). D aya ay yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ad agaden lemmer ad asen-yettwagzem webrid-nni.

 

Cecil Rhodes yella d aṛemmas (entrepreneur) abriṭani yeddren deg temdint n Cape. Yuγ lḥal, argaz-a yella iεewwel i wakken ad iḥudd abrid-nni abriṭani seg Yiboeren n Transvaal. D aya ay t-yejjan ad yeḥṛes anabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani, deg 1885, i wakken ad d-iger iman-nnes deg tama-a. Dγa deg useggas-nni, Ibriṭaniyen rran tamurt n Bechanaland ay d-yezgan seg wenẓul (sud) n wasif n Malopo d ayla n tqacuct tabriṭanit. Akal-a yettwaqqen γer win n Cape deg 1895. Ma d tama n Bechuanaland yellan deg ugafa (nord) n wasif n Malopo terra-t Briṭanya Tameqrant d tamurt yelan ddaw leεnaya-nnes. Tamurt-a teqqim ddaw udabu abriṭani arma ay d asmi ay tuwey azarug-nnes (indépendance) deg 1966, s yisem n Botswana. Ma d Swaziland (tamurt n Yeswaziyen), tella tezga-d deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Transvaal. Abrid-nnes γer uzarug (indépendance) d win yennḍen ugar n snat-nni n tmura niḍen ay d-nebder. Yuγ lḥal, deg tezwara n lqern wis 19, usan-d Yeswaziyen γer tmurt-a sdeffir ma ḥeṛsen-ten Yizuluten ad jjen tamurt-nsen taneṣlit (yellan deg Natal). D acu kan, Iswaziyen rekden deg wakal-nsen amaynut, yerna ssawḍen ad sbedden tagelda (royaume) irekden. Swaziland tella tecrek tilisa-nnes n wenẓul (sud) akked Natal, ma d tilisa-nnes n utaram (lγerb), tecrek-itent akked Transvaal (ay ṭṭfen yimellalen Iboeren afrikanen). D aya ay yejjan ama d Ibriṭaniyen, ama d Iboeren ad d-rren lwelha-nsen γer tama-a. Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella Iboeren ed Yebriṭaniyen llan mseεdawen, maca deg wayen yerzan Swaziland, ssawḍen ad msefhamen ed ad mεiwnen. Deg 1890, sbedden-d yiwen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) aydeg ttekkan ama d Ibriṭaniyen, ama d Iboeren, ama d Iswaziyen. D acu kan, sdeffir ma xeṣren Yebriṭaniyen imenγi-nsen akked Yiboeren deg Transvaal, d Ibriṭaniyen kan ay d-yeqqimen ṭṭfen anabaḍ n Swaziland. Deg 1906, Ibriṭaniyen ssersen tamurt n Swaziland ddaw udabu n yemwekkel abriṭani ay iḥekmen timiwa n Basutoland ed Bechuanaland. Sakkin, deg 1968, Swaziland tuwey, ula d nettat, azarug-nnes (indépendance).

 

Ma d Zululand, tella d nettat ay d tamurt ijehden akk gar tmura n yineṣliyen ay d-nebder, yerna d nettat ay d tamurt tawḥidt n yiṣeliyen ay yessawḍen ad qabel Ibriṭaniyen deg wemgaru (ṭṭrad). D acu kan, tagelda (royaume) n Yizuluten yeγli γef tikkelt ddaw udabu n ugellid Cetshwayo.

 

Zululand: 1843-1878

 

Deg tlemmast n lqern wis 19, tagelda (royaume) n Yizuluten tella tesεa assaγen (relations) n talwit akked ljiran-nnes Ibriṭaniyen n tama n Natal. Asmi ay qqnen Yebriṭaniyen tama n Natal γer udabu-nsen, deg 1843, gan leεqed akked ugellid azulu Mpande. Agellid-a yeqbel ad asen-yekf i Yebriṭaniyen akal n Natal ay d-yezgan deg wenẓul n wasif n Tugela, γas akken akal-nni llan Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren ṭṭfen-t yagi uqbel. Deg 1856, yenker wemgaru (ṭṭrad) gar sin warraw n ugellid Mpande, imi ay nnuγen gar-asen γef wanwa ara iweṛten baba-tsen. D acu kan, γas yella-d yimenγi-a gar-asen, Izuluten kemmlen gan leqran i wassaγen-nsen (relations) n talwit akked Yebriṭaniyen. Deg tgara, Cetshwayo, memmi-s n Mpande, yeṭṭef-d gma-s Mbulazi, yerna yenγa-t. S waya, d Cetshwayo ay yeqqlen d agellid amaynut n Yizuluten. D aya ay yejjan amaru (secrétaire) abriṭani n tγawsiwin n yineṣliyen (yellan deg Natal) yedda γer Zululand i wakken ad ixebber Cetshwayo s westeεṛef ay steεṛfen yes-s Yebriṭaniyen d agellid. Amaru-a, Theophilus Shepstone, yeqqel tikkelt niḍen γer Zululand, deg 1873, i wakken ad yeḥdeṛ i tseγrut (proclamation) n Cetshwayo d agellid n Zululand sdeffir ma yemmut baba-s aseggas uqbel.

 

Agellid Cetshwayo

 

Tilisa n Zululand akked Natal (yellan ddaw udabu abriṭani) llant banent, imi ay ḍefrent asif n Tugela. D acu kan, seg tama niḍen, Cetshwayo yella yettnaγ aṭas akked Yiboeren γef tlisa gar tmurt-nnes ed Transvaal. Ma d Shepstone yella dima ibedded γer yidis n Yizuluten deg wayen yerzan tilufa-a n tlisa, arma ay d 1877. Yuγ lḥal, aseggas-nni yagi ay tettwaqqen Transvaal (tigellilt) γer udabu abriṭani, yerna d Shepstone s timmad-nnes ay twekkel Briṭanya Tameqrant akken ad d-yelhu s waya. S waya, asmi teqqel Transvaal d aḥric seg wakal abriṭani, qqlen wuguren n tlisa gar Zululand ed Transvaal d uguren gar Yizuluten ed Yebriṭaniyen. S waya, tadukli-nni ay icerken, zik, Shepstone ed ugellid Cetshwayo teqqel d amxaṣem. Ibriṭaniyen sbedden yiwet n tseqqamut i wakken ad tnadi deg wuguren-a n tlisa. Taseqqamurt-nni tga-d yiwen n uṛabul (rapport) ay tfuk deg Yulyu 1878, maca ur t-id-ssuffγen arma ay d Dujembeṛ n useggas-nni. Yuγ lḥal, aṛabul-nni d win ay yefkan lḥeqq i Yizuluten. Yuγ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen εeḍḍlen ur d-ssuffγen aṛabul-nni s tmeεmada, yerna aya yella-d s ṛṛay ed txidas n Bartle Frere, imwekkel aεlayan abriṭani n temdint n Cape. Yuγ lḥal, Frere yenna-d i wakken ad yettwaḍmen laman n Transvaal ed Natal, yessekf γef Yebriṭaniyen ad ṭṭfen ula d Zululand yerna ad tt-id-qqnen γer yikallen niḍen ay d-ṭṭfen deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Deg tgara, Ibriṭaniyen uznen-as aṛabul-nni i ugellid Cetshwayo, nnan-as i wakken Briṭanya Tameqrant ad teqbel ad tqader tilisa-nnes akked Zululand, yessekf γef Cetshwayo ad yeqbel kra n ccuruḍ. Yuγ lḥal, ccuruḍ-nni ay as-yettunekfen i Cetshwayo heyyan-ten-id s txidas yerna yella iban agellid-a ur ten-iqebbel. Gar ccuruḍ-a, Ibriṭaniyen nnan-as i Cetshwayo yessekf fell-as ad d-ixelleṣ akk ayen ay d-yellan d lexṣara, zik, γef yimenγiyen-nni ay d-yellan γef tlisa. Nnig waya, cerḍen seg-s daγen ad yeqbel ad d-yesεu imḍebber abriṭani ara yettḍafaren tiγawsiwin n daxel n tmurt n Yizuluten. Aya, d ayen ibanen, yugi-d Cetshwayo.

 

Amgaru (ṭṭrad) ed Yizuluten: 1879-1897

 

Ibriṭaniyen kfan-as ayyur i ugellid Cetshwayo i wakken ad yeqbel ccuruḍ n Frere. Lemmer ur iqebbel, iγallen ibriṭaniyen llan yagi swejden iman-nsen deg Natal akken ad ẓedmen γef Zululand. Dγa akka ay yella lḥal. Iserdasen ibriṭaniyen kecmen γer tmurt n Yizuluten, yerna, deg tazwara, yiwen ur d-yebdid deg webrid-nsen. Maca deg 22 Yennayer 1879, iserdasen ibriṭaniyen gan agrir (camp) war ma ḥezzben i laman-nsen, deg tama n Isandhlwana, dγa imir-nni ay d-mmγen fell-asen yiγallen imeqranen n Yizuluten. Yella-d yiwen n yimenγi d ameqran aydeg kullec yerwi. Ibriṭaniyen nnuγen iγil s yiγil akked Yizuluten, maca, deg tgara, qrib akk iserdasen ibriṭaniyen mmuten. Azal n 1250 n Yebriṭaniyen ay yettwanγan ass-nni, maca Izuluten mmuten seg-sen ugar. Yuγ lḥal, ayen yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ad nγen aṭas n Yizuluten netta d imrigen-nsen (leslaḥat) n tmes ed lemdafeε, d aya ay yeglan s tudert n wugar n 2000 n Yizuluten, yerna ttwajerḥen seg-sen aṭas niḍen. Snat n trebbaε n yemgarayen (guerriers) izuluten ddan, imir-nni kan, seg wemkan-nni n Isandhlwana (anda ay d-yella yimenγi-nni) γer utaram (lγerb), akken ad awḍen γer wemkan n Rorke’s Drift, anda ay yella wegrir (camp) niḍen n Yebriṭaniyen, ay d-yezzin i yiwen n wesbiṭar. Uwḍen γer din tameddit. Deg wegrir-nni abriṭani llan 104 n yiserdasen iwejden i yimenγi ed 35 niḍen d imejraḥ γef wusuten n wesbiṭar-nni. Dγa kkan ass-nni akk nitni εerrḍen ad ḥudden sin-nni n yexxamen aydeg ffren, yerna gan afrag s yisendyaq n tgargucin (biscuits) ed tcekkaṛin n wekbal, akken ur ten-id-ttawḍent tyitiwin n Yizuluten.

 

Qqimen Yizuluten ttemmγen-d fell-asen arma ay d-yeγli yiḍ, sakkin kemmlen akken, war aḥbas. Izuluten ssawḍen ad rẓen ifergan-nni n temḥaddit-nni n Yebriṭaniyen acḥal d tikkelt, maca, deg tfejrit, jebden iman-nsen, yerna jjan-d azal n 400 seg yergazen-nsen mmuten. Ma d Ibriṭaniyen mmuten-asen ala 15 n yiserdasen, yerna ttwajerḥen-asen 12 niḍen. 11 seg wid iselken seg yimenγi-nni kfan-asen yemḍebbren tazalγi (lmadaya) n Victoria Cross. Yeqqel wemkan-nni n Rorke’s Drift mechuṛ deg umezruy n Yebriṭaniyen, imi ay ssawḍen, deg-s, ad rnun Izuluten, ma d isem n Isandhlwana, aydeg ay ccan Yebriṭaniyin tiyita taqesḥant, ala d imassanen kan ay t-yessnen. D acu kan, γas ma ssawḍen Yizuluten ad rnun Ibriṭaniyen deg Isandhlwana, maca acemma ur yezmir ad yeḥbes tiddi γer sdat n yibeckiḍen ed lemdafeε n Yebriṭaniyen. Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella imgarayen (guerriers) izuluten llan sεan afud ijehden akken ad wten γef tmurt-nsen, maca ixtucen-nsen (lances) ed yibeckiḍen-nsen iqburen ur nfiεen sdat yemrigen (leslaḥat) ijehden n Yebriṭaniyen. Deg wayyur n Yulyu, 1879, Ibriṭaniyen uznen-d yiwen n yigen (armée) d ameqran γer leqṣer ed wegrir (camp) n Cetshwayo, deg Ulundi. Deg yimenγi-nni ameqran ay d-yellan ass-nni, ugar n 1000 n Yizuluten ay yemmuten, deg wakud aydeg ala 10 n yiserdasen ibriṭaniyen ay yeγlin. Cetshwayo yessaweḍ ad yerwel, maca ṭṭfen-t-id Yebriṭaniyen kra kan n ledwaṛ sakkin, yerna nfan-t γer temdint n Cape Town.

 

Seg yimir-nni arma ay d 1887, Zululand teqqel ddaw udabu n yiwen n yemḍebber abriṭani. Imḍebber-a yella yeḥkem tamurt-nni s yiwet n terbaεt n yemḍebbren ifriqiyen ay d-fernen Yebriṭaniyen, maca wi llan d imdanen ur nwuta akken ḥekmen tamurt-a. D aya ay yejjan Izuluten zgan ttnaγen gar-asen. Sakkin, deg 1887, Ibriṭaniyen qqnen tamurt n Yizuluten γer udabu-nsen yerna rran-tt d yiwet seg tehras-nsen (colonies). Sakkin, deg 1897, Ibriṭaniyen sdukklen akal n Zululand γer win n Natal. Izuluten, yellan zik d nitni ay d tawsit (tribu) ijehden akk deg tewsatin n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, ufan-d, imir-nni, iman-nsen yettwakkes-asen udabu, tettwakkes-asen tlelli-nsen s yiγil n Yebriṭaniyen, dγa d aya ay ten-yekkan ad sεun cceḥna tameqrant imi ay qqlen ddaw udabu abriṭani n tama n Natal. Γas qqlen tteddren deg teswiεt iweεṛen, maca ssawḍen ad gen leqrar i tnettit (identité), yerna d aya ay ten-yejjan ad sεun dduṛ ameqran deg tsertit n Tefriqt n Wenẓul deg tgara n lqern wis 20, yerna, ass-a, d nitni ay d tarbaεt tameqrant yeṭṭfen adabu n tmurt-a.

 

 

Cecil Rhodes: 1871-1891 

 

Deg weḥric aneggaru n lqern wis 19, d Cecil Rhodes ay yuraren dduṛ ameqran deg ussemγer n ussehres (colonisation) abriṭani deg Tefriqt. Rhodes yuweḍ-d γer temdint n Kimberley (deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul) deg 1871, asmi ay yesεa 17 n yiseggasen, yerna deg useggas-nni swaswa ay d-ufan tiγbula n udamas (diamant) deg tama-nni. Rhodes yeqdec d aṛemmas (entrepreneur), yerna aya yesserbeḥ-as-d aṭas n yedrimen. Sakkin, mi ara yaf yiwen yettnadi adamas deg tama-nni, ad iseγ fell-as izerfan-nni n unadi, sakkin, ma yufa-d adamas din, d netta ara irebḥen. 

 

Cecil Rhodes

 

Deg yiseggasen n 1880, asmi ay d-ufan igran n wureγ deg tama n Transvaal, ikemmel yessaγ izerfan n unadi n wureγ, yerna yessekfal-it-id. Deg tgara n yiseggasen-nni, Rhodes yella yesεa snat n teṛmisin (ccarikat), yiwet d De Beers Consolidated Mines, ma d tayeḍ d Gold Fields of South Africa. Snat-a n teṛmisin qqlent, deg tallit-nni d nitenti ay d timeqranin akk deg tnezzut (ttjaṛa) n yidamasen (diamants) ed wureγ. 

 

D aya ay yejjan Rhodes ad yeqqel d yiwen seg yimeṛkantiyen imeqranen akk n tallit-nni, d acu kan, netta yella yebγa ad yesseqdec timmeṛkantit-nni i yiwen n yeswi ibanen. Rhodes yella yebγa yerna yettargu lemmer Ibriṭaniyen ad ssiwḍen ad sεun tihras (colonies) deg ugafa (nord) n wasif n Transvaal, yerna d aya ara yejjen Amenkud (Empire) abriṭani ad yeṭṭef akal seg Maṣer (deg Tefriqt n Ugafa) arma d tama n Cape (deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul). 

 

I lmend n waya, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani yekfa ttesriḥ i teṛmisin (ccarikat) n Rhodes akken ad iγellet ula d akal n ugafa (nord) n wasif n Transvaal. D aya ay yejjan Rhodes, deg 1889, ad d-yessebded taṛmist n British South Africa Company i wakken ad yessiweḍ ad d-yeqqen ikallen n tama-nni γer udabu abriṭani. Yuγ lḥal, d agellid abriṭani ay as-yekfan ttesriḥ i wakken ad iεawen adabu i lmend n tmerniwt n tmiwa-nni γer ddaw tecḍaḍt n Yebriṭaniyen war ma yexṣer udabu acemma, yerna aya d ayen ayseg ara d-yesfaydi ama d Rhodes (s werbaḥ n yedrimen), ama d Briṭanya Tameqrant (s werbaḥ n tmura timaynutin ara tessehres [testeεmeṛ]). 

 

Asurif amezwaru ay iga Rhodes, i lmend n waya, netta d awwaḍ γer wasif n Zambezi, deg tgara n yiseggasen n 1880. Yuγ lḥal, Iboeren n Transvaal llan bγan, ula d nitni, ad rnun ad smeγren akal n “tmurt”-nsen ed ad d-ḥeṛṛen akal yellan gar-asen ed wasif n Zambezi. Nnig waya, ama d Ibriṭaniyen, ama d Iboeren, llan ugaden lemmer Iportugaliyen (yellan deg Muzambik) ad ṭṭfen akal-nni qbel-nsen. Seg tama niḍen, llan ugaden daγen Almaniyen, ladγa imi ineggura-a, deg 1886, iṣaḥ-iten-id wakal s leεqed, deg tama n Tanganyika. 

 

Rhodes yella yessewjad-d yagi taḥemla-nnes kra n yiseggasen qbel ma yessebded-d taṛmist (ccarika) n British South Africa Company deg 1889. Deg 1885, iqenneε anabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani i wakken ad yeḍmen laman n tmurt n Bechuanaland (deg ugafa [nord] n Tefriqt n Wenẓul), imi d tin ay d tamurt ay yella yebγa Rhodes ad tt-yesseqdec akken ad yeqleε ed ad ikemmel abrid-nnes γer ugafa, akken ad yernu ad yeṭṭef timura niḍen. Deg 1888, Rhodes yemcawaṛ akked ugellid Lobengula. Yuγ lḥal, aneggaru-a yella yesεa tagelda-nnes (royaume) deg ugafa n Transvaal, yerna Rhodes yessaweḍ ad t-iqenneε ad as-yekf akal seg tgelda-nni-nnes. 

 

Lobengula yella d memmi-s n ugellid Mzilikazi (imḍebber n Yendebeleyen), yerna tagelda-nnes tezga-d deg tmurt umi neγγar ass-a Zimbabwe (sbedden-tt-id sdeffir ma ẓẓεen-ten Yiboeren deg 1837). S waya, sdeffir ma ddren Yendebeleyen 50 n yiseggasen deg tlelli, agellid-nsen Lobengula yekfa izerfan i Rhones akken ad inadi ed ad d-yessekfel ureγ. I wakken ad as-yerr tajmilt, Rhodes yehda-as i ugellid Lobengula 1000 n yibeckiḍen, yiwen n uγerrabu n yimenγi (ara yesseqdec deg wasif n Zambezi) akked weγrud (ccehṛeyya) n 100 n tlibriwin n sterling. 

 

S waya, yettwaḍmen laman n Bechuanaland yerna yessaweḍ Rhodes ad d-yessexdem agellid Lobengula γer yidis n Yebriṭaniyen. D aya ay yejjan Rhodes ad yazen tarbaεt tamezwarut n yemhuras (colons) ay iqelεen seg Bechuanaland deg 1890 akken ad ddun γer tmura ur ugafa ur nettwaṭṭef. Deg Ctembeṛ n useggas-nni, uwḍen γer wemkan anda ay d-tezga, ass-a, temdint n Harare (tamaneγt n Zambya), yerna din ay bdan ttnadin γef wureγ. I wakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ad as-yeddu deg lebγi i Rhodes, yerra tama-nni ddaw leεnaya ed uḥuddu abriṭani deg 1891. 

 

Talalit n Rhodesia: 1890-1900 

 

Deg wakal yellan ddaw tedbelt (administration) n teṛmist (ccarika) n British South Africa Company, dindin yennerna wemḍan (nombre) n yemhuras. Deg 1892, azal n 1500 n Wuṛufiyen ay yellan ddren deg tmiwa-nni. Sakkin, asmi yennerna umesni (transport) deg wakal-a, rnan-d ugar n Wuṛufiyen. 

 

Deg 1885, abrid n tmacint ay d-iqellεen seg Cape Town, yuweḍ arma ay d tamdin n Kimberley. Dγa aya yeγli-d swaswa kan deg tallit-nni aydeg Cecil Rhodes yebda yessefray ad yeṭṭef akal amaynut, dγa, i wakken ad iqenneε imḍebbren ibriṭaniyen ad t-jjen ad yeṭṭef akal amaynut, yenna-asen yiwen seg yeswan-nnes (buts) netta d assiweḍ n webrid n tmacint arma d agafa (nord) n wasif n Zambezi. Deg 1896, teqqel tmacint tettaweḍ arma d Bulawayo. Deg 1904, teqqel tmacint tettaweḍ, γer wemgmuḍ (ccerq), arma d Iceṛcuṛen n Victoria. Deg 1895, i wakken ad as-rren tajmilt i Rhodes, fkan i tmura-nni akk ay d-iḥeṛṛ isem n Rhodesia. 

 

Deg yiseggasen n 1890, taṛmist (ccarika) n Rhodes temlal-d uguren imeqranen i wakken ad tkemmel ad tili deg tmiwa-a. Γas ma yella agellid Lobengula s timmad-nnes yella iεerreḍ ad yeḥrez talwit akked Yebriṭaniyen, aṭas seg yemḍebbren n tewsit-nnes (tribu) llan ḥaren melmi ara ẓẓεen ibeṛṛaniyen-nni ay asen-d-ikecmen tamurt. D acu kan, uguren uwḍen γer tqacuct asmi ay yeqqel Leander Jameson d imḍebber n tama n Rhodesia deg wemkan n Cecil Rhodes. Dγa, deg 1893, yufa-d ssebba akken ad yennaγ akked Lobengula. 

 

I wakken ad yennaγ ed Yefriqiyen, Jameson yesseqdec 5 n tmiṭrayuzin n Maxim. S waya, yessaweḍ ad yernu Ifriqiyen yerna yuweḍ arma ay d taddart n Bulawayo. Lobengula yerwel, dγa s waya ay teγli tgelda n Yendebeleyen ay d-yessebded baba-s. Tiwsatin (tribus) n Yendebeleyen gant tanekra d tameqrant mgal Yebriṭaniyen gar 1896 ed 1897, d acu kan, taṛmist (takebbanit) n Rhodes tessaweḍ ad d-tḥeṛṛ akk tama-nni arma d asif n Zambezi γer ddaw tecḍaḍt n Yebriṭaniyen. 

 

Maca ḍḍmeε n Rhodes yella meγγer ugar imi ay yella yebγa ad yernu ad yeḍḍef akal yellan akkin i wasif n Zambezi. Deg 1890, yuweḍ arma ay Barotseland (tama tagmuḍant [tacerqit] n Zambya n wass-a) yerna yestenya leεqed akked Lewanika, aγella (ccaf) ameqran n Yefriqiyen n tama-a. Sakkin, Rhodes yestenya leεqed amaynut akked unabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani deg 1891, d win aydeg ay as-yettunekf ttesriḥ ad yeḥkem akk tamurt ay d-yezgan gar wasif n Zambezi arma d Agelmim n Tanganyika (d tin ay yeqqlen ass-a d tamurt n Zambya). 

 

Seg 1900 d asawen, akal-nni bḍant γef sin yeḥricen yellan ddaw temḥaddit n Yebriṭaniyen. Rhodesia n Ugafa-Utrim (Northwestern Rhodesia) ed Rhodesia n Ugafa-Agmuḍan (Northeastern Rhodesia), yerna taṛmist (takebbanit) n Rhodes tella tḥekkem yal yiwen seg yeḥricen-a i yiman-nnes. Deg 1911, sdukklen-ten, rran-ten d Rhodesia n Ugafa, yerna tamaneγt tamezwarut n tmurt-a d tamdint n Livingstone (semman-as akka γef yisem n yiwen n Webriṭani ay yuwḍen γer yiceṛcuṛen imeqranen n Victoria, ladγa imi tamdint-a teqreb γer yiceṛcuṛen-nni).

 

Rhodes yeḍmeε daγen ad d-yernu γer ddaw tecḍaḍt n teṛmist-nnes (takebbanit) akal-nni ay yuwḍen arma d Agelmim n Nyasa. Dγa d ta ay d tama ay yeqqlen ass-a d tamurt n Malawi. D acu kan, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani yerra tama-a, deg 1891, ddaw leεnaya tabriṭanit deg wayen umi isemma “British Central African Protectorate” (Tafriqt Talemmast yellan ddaw leεnaya tabriṭanit). 

 

Deg yiseggasen n 1890, llan-d aṭas n wuguren gar yiqeddacen n teṛmist (takebbanit) n Cecil Rhodes akked yemḍebbren Ifriqiyen, maca Ibriṭaniyen ssawḍen ad d-ḥettmen tazmert-nsen ed udabu-nsen s tidet γef tmura n Tefriqt talemmast. Rhodes yella yettargu ad d-iḥeṛṛ akal i Yebriṭaniyen arma yessemlal akal abriṭani yellan deg Ugafa (nord) n Tefriqt ed win yellan deg Wenẓul-nnes (Sud), yerna asmi ay yuweḍ γer yigelmimen (lacs) imeqranen n Tefriqt, yessaweḍ γer targit-nnes. Γas ma yella Iboeren bedden-d d ameεraḍ deg webrid n Yebriṭaniyen akken ad smeγren akal-nsen γer ugafa, maca Rhodes ed Jameson heyyan-asen-d aγawas (plan) ayyes ara ten-sseγlin. 

 

Rhodes ed Jameson gar 1890 ed 1895 

 

Rhodes, akken yeẓwer deg tnezzut (ttjaṛa) ay yeẓwer deg tesertit. Yuγ lḥal, seg 1881 ay yeqqel d amaslaḍ (membre) deg wemni (parlement) n Cape, sakkin, deg 1890, yeqqel d Aneγlaf Amezwaru n tama-a. Targit-nnes, deg tsertit, nettat d asdukkel n tegdudyin tiboerin (Transvaal ed Uwanak Ilelli n Orange) akked wakal abriṭani n Cape i wakken ad d-gen Tafidiṛalit n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, maca, tafidiṛalit-a d Ibriṭaniyen ara tt-iḥekmen. 

 

Yella yebγa ad yeg aya γef waṭas n ssebbat. Tamezwarut, yella yebγa ad yessemγer tazmert tabriṭanit deg tama-a. Nnig waya, imi Iboeren sεan tigdudyin-nsen timzirag (indépendantes), llant ttḥettiment γef yemsenza (ttejjaṛ) ibriṭaniyen ay ittekken seg-inna ad xellṣen tiwsi (leγrama) d tameqrant. Am wakken, daγen, Rhodes yella yemcaḥan akked yemḍebber ameqran n Yiboeren, Paul Kruger. Yuγ lḥal, deg wakud aydeg Rhodes d amdan ur nezmir ad yeṭṭef urfan-nnes, Kruger yella d aquran n yiγef, dγa d aya ay yesweεṛen s waṭas amsefham gar-asen. 

 

Sir Leander Starr Jameson

 

Timuγliwin n Rhodes i lmend n usseγli n tegdudyin n Yiboeren iwufeq-it deg-sent Leander Starr Jameson. Deg 1878 ay myussanen Rhodes ed Jameson, asmi ay yella uneggaru-a iqeddec d imsujji (aḍbib) deg temdint n Kimberley. Seg yimir-nni d asawen, qqlen d imeddukkal uqriben.

 

Jameson yella seg yemhuras (colons) imezwura ay igujjen γer Rhodesia deg 1890. Deg 1891, semman-t Yebriṭaniyen d anedbal (administrateur) n tama-a. Deg 1893, d netta ay d-yesnekren amgaru (ṭṭrad) war akukru mgal agellid Lobengula, d win aydeg yettwarna uneggaru-a. Deg 1895, yurar dduṛ ameqran akked Rhodes deg tḥilet-nni ay as-gan i Kruger akken ad t-sseγlin seg udabu ed ad ṭṭfen tamurt n Transvaal s yiγil. 

 

Seg Tubeṛ 1894 d asawen, Rhodes ed Jameson bdan ttemcawaṛen akked yiminigen ibriṭaniyen yellan deg Johannesburg (deg tegduda taboert n Transvaal) i wakken ad gen tanekra. Yuγ lḥal, iminigen-a d wid umi γγaren “uitlanders” s tafrikant, d awal yebγan ad d-yini “abeṛṛani”. Usan-d γer tama n Transvaal seg 1886 d asawen, sdeffir ma ufan-d igran n wureγ deg tama n Witwatersrand, d amkan umi γγaren daγen Rand. Iminigen-a ibriṭaniyen llan, ya, ceḥnen γef unabaḍ n Transvaal, ladγa imi Kruger yekkes-asen azref akken ad ttekkin deg tefranin, maca Kruger, seg tama-nnes, yella yugad-iten imi ay ggten s waṭas deg tmurt n Transvaal yerna amḍan-nsen qrib ad yagar win n Yiboeren deg tmurt-a.

 

D aya ay yejjan iminigen ibriṭaniyen n Transvaal ad d-heyyin tanekra deg Dujembeṛ n 1895, d tiḥilet aydeg msefhamen akked yiγallen ibriṭaniyen, imi, asmi ara snekren amgaru deg Transvaal, iγallen ibriṭaniyen ad d-ẓedmen daγen γef tmurt-a seg tama n Mafeking, d tin ay d-yezgan γef tlisa gar Transvaal ed Bechuanaland. 

 

Iγallen-nni ibriṭaniyen ara d-iẓedmen γef Transvaal llan deg-sen 600 n yergazen (amur ameqran seg-sen d imsulta [ibulisen] n Rhodesia), yerna d Jameson ay d imḍebber-nsen. Deg tedqiqt taneggarut qbel ad yebdu yimenγi, yelfa-d iminigen-nni ibriṭaniyen ur ssawḍen ad d-snekren imenγi seg tama-nsen, maca γas akken Jameson yuweḍ-it yisali, yessγer iγef-nnes yerna yeεzem ad yeẓdem γef Transvaal. Sdeffir ma ddan 4 wussan sdaxel n tmurt n Transvaal, mlalen yiγallen n Jameson ed yiγallen Iboeren deg yiwen n wemkan ibeεden kan 22 n yikilumitren γef Johannesburg. 

 

Ibriṭaniyen xeṣren imenγi deg wayen umi semman “Tummγa n Jameson”, yerna 16 n yergazen ibriṭaniyen ay yemmuten deg temlilit-nni. Ma d Jameson yeγli-d d ameḥbus gar yifassen n Yiboeren. Asmi ay d-yettwakcef s uttekki n Rhodes, Aneγlaf Amezwaru n Cape, deg ccwal-a ay bγan ad t-id-snekren deg Transvaal, aneggaru-a terra-t tmara ad yejj amkan-nnes deg udabu, yerna seg wass-nni ay teγli yes-s deg wenrar n tsertit. 

 

Ma d Jameson, asmi ay as-d-bran Yiboeren, yedda γer Langliz anda ay yettucuṛeε (imi ay yeffeγ i Lqanun n abriṭani ay igedlen [imenεen] i Yebriṭaniyen ad ttekkin deg yimenγi imselleḥ deg tmurt tabeṛṛanit), yerna yettwaḥkem fell-as s lḥebs. Jameson yettwaḥbes acḥal n wayyur deg lḥebs n Holloway, deg London, maca, asmi ay d-yeffeγ seg-inna, yeqqel γer Tefriqt n Wenẓul, yerna yules yekcem ula γer tsertit. Yuγ lḥal, deg 1904, yessaweḍ yeqqel d Aneγlaf Amezwaru n tehrest (colonie) n Cape, d amkan ay yeṭṭef arma ay d 1908. 

 

Maca imir-nni, Transvaal, yufa-d lḥal teγli sdeffir yiwen wemgaru (ṭṭrad) d aγezfan yerna d ameqran, d win aydeg mmuten aṭas n medden. Wa d win umi semman “Amgaru n Yiboeren”, yerna yella-d gar 1899 ed 1902. Γas ma yella Jameson ur yessaweḍ ad yeg acemma asmi akken yemmeγ, tikkel tamezwarut, deg 1895, maca tummγa-nni-nnes turar dduṛ deg uheyyi n wemgaru-a. 

 

Amgaru n Yiboeren: 1899-1902 

 

Deg yiseggasen n 1890, yella yegget ccwal ed cceḥna gar Yebriṭaniyen ed Wafrikanen [Iboeren], ladγa imi Ibriṭaniyen llan ssemγaren akal-nsen war aḥbas, yerna Afrikanen llan ugaden lemmer ad d-afen iman-nsen zzin-asen-d Yebriṭaniyen seg yal tama, sakkin ad yettwaḥṛes wakal-nsen arma yebleε deg wakal abriṭani. Sakkin, seg wasmi ay yeεreḍ Jameson ad yemmeγ γef tegduda n Transvaal, Iboeren rnan sṛuḥen akk laman ay sεan deg Yebriṭaniyen. 

 

Kruger, imḍebber n Yiboeren n Transvaal, yella yeẓra adennit (labudd) ad yili, yiwen wass, wemgaru (ṭṭrad) gar Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren, dγa γef waya ay iga isurifen imeqranen akken ad d-yessewjed iman-nnes i wass-nni. Deg 1897, Kruger iga tamsisit akked tegduda taboert n Uwanak Ilelli n Orange. Sakkin, yebda yessaγ-d imrigen (leslaḥat) imaynuten i yiγallen-nnes imsellḥen akken ad tennerni tezmert-nsen taserdasit. 

 

Imenɣan (combattants) iboeren 

 

Maca ula d Ibriṭaniyen, seg tama-nsen, llant ttheyyin-d amgaru (ṭṭrad). Deg 1895, Joseph Chamberlain (ay yellan d yiwen seg yemḍebbren ibriṭaniyen yebγan mliḥ ad tessemγer Briṭanya akal-nnes deg Tefriqt), yeqqel d Amaru n Uwanak (sécrétaire ḍEtat) abriṭani i lmend n tehras (colonies). Deg 1897, yerra Alfred Milner d imwekkel-nnes deg tmura ay ṭṭfen Yebriṭaniyen deg wenẓul n Tefriqt, yerna ula d Milner d yiwen seg wid yebγan assemγer n wakal abriṭani. Dindin yebda Milner ittetter seg unabaḍ (lḥukuma) abriṭani ad d-yawey tikli taqurant deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Paul Kruger yettwafren, deg 1898, i tikkelt tis 4 d aselway n Transvaal, dγa d aya ay yekkan Milner ad yebγu ad ssiqesḥen Yebriṭaniyen ugar tikli-nsen akked Kruger. 

 

Ccwal ameqran yellan gar Transvaal ed Briṭanya Tameqrant netta d tamsalt-nni n yiminigen ibriṭaniyen ay iqeddcen deg Transvaal. Yuγ lḥal, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Transvaal yella yettḥettim iminigen-nni ad xellṣen tiwsi (leγrama) d tameqrant, deg wakud aydeg llan ur sεin izerfan isertiyen. Deg yiwen n utiligṛam ay yuzen Milner i Chamberlain deg Mayyu 1899, yenna-as iminigen-nni ibriṭaniyen n Transvaal llan “am waklan”. 

 

Deg yiwen n usarag (conférence) deg temdint n Bloemfontein, deg Yunyu 1899, Milner yetter seg Transvaal ad tekf izerfan n uttekki deg tefranin i yiminigen ibriṭaniyen, maca Kruger yugi. Deg wayyuren ay d-iḍefren, εerḍen Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren ad d-afen, γas nnig wul-nsen, tifrat s tin n leεqel, maca aya ur d-yegli s wacemma. Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, Ibriṭaniyen llan ya ssersen iserdasen-nsen γef tlisa n tegdudyin tiboerin n Uwanak Ilelli n Orange akked Transvaal. D aya ay yejjan snat-a n tegdudyin ad εeyynent i Yebriṭaniyen, deg Tubeṛ n 1899, i tikkelt taneggarut, akken ad jebden iserdasen-nsen seg tlisa-a, ma ulac ad yenker yimenγi. 

 

Ibriṭaniyen ur jbiden iserdasen-nsen, dγa d aya ay yesnekren amgaru (ṭṭrad). Deg tazwara, d Iboeren ay yellan rebbḥen imenγi, ladγa imi iγallen iboeren llan ugaren wid n Yebriṭaniyen deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Iγallen Iboeren bdan ttḥeṛṛiṛen-d akal s tγawla ama seg yidis n wegmuḍ (ccerq), ama seg yidis n utaram (lγerb). Ssawḍen ad gen asutel (siège) i yisaduren (bases) iserdasiyen imeqranen n Yebrṭaniyen ay d-yezgan γef tlisa n Transvaal (gar-asent asadur n Ladysmith deg Natal akked win n Mafeking deg Bechuanalad), sakkin, ssawḍen ad gen asutel ula i temdint n Kimberley. 

 

Γas ma yella deg Dujembeṛ 1899, Ibriṭaniyen uznen γer tama n Cape tanzagt (expédition) tameqrant n yiγallen-nsen imsellḥen, ineggura-a ur ssawḍen ad rnun Iboeren. Gar 10 ed 15 Dujembeṛ, Ibriṭaniyen xeṣren 3 n yimenγiyen mgal Yiboeren, yiwen deg Stromberg, wis sin deg Magersfontein, ma d wis kraḍ deg Colenso, dγa d aya ay yejjan Ibriṭaniyen ad asen-semmin i wussan-nni “Dduṛt Taberkant (Black Week)”, ladγa imi deg yal yiwen seg yimenγiyen-nni xeṣren gar 700 ed 1100 n yiserdasen, deg wakud aydeg Iboeren ur xṣiren aqrib acemma. 

 

D acu kan, asmi ay uweḍen Frederick Roberts ed Herbert Kitchener γer Tefriqt n Wenẓul akken ad ṭṭfen adabu aserdasi deg Yennayer n 1900, bdan Yebriṭaniyen rebbḥen imenγi. Deg Fuṛaṛ n useggas-nni, ssawḍen Yebriṭaniyen ad sbeεden Iboeren seg temdinin n Kimberley ed Ladysmith ay yettwaḥeṛsen s usutel (siège). Sakkin, deg 17 Mayyu 1900, sbeεden daγen Iboeren γef temdint n Mafeking (aydeg Robert Baden-Powell yeqqel mechuṛ imi ay yessaweḍ ad yebded deg wudem n Yiboeren war ma yefcel). 

 

Roberts yessaweḍ ad yeṭṭef, deg 24 Mayyu 1900, tamdint n Bloemfontein ay yellan d tamaneγt n Uwanak Ilelli n Orange, sakkin, yuweḍ akked yiγallen-nnes arma d Johannesburg qbel ad ifak wayyur-nni n Mayyu. Deg 5 Yunyu, Roberts yeṭṭef tamdint n Pretoria, tamaneγt n Transvaal, dγa kra n wussan sakkin, Paul Kruger, aselway n Transvaal, yerwel seg tmurt-a γer Muzambik. 

 

Γas ma yella imenγiyen imeqranen fuken, maca deg tidet, Iboeren llan werεad ttwarnan. Yuγ lḥal, Iboeren kemmlen ttnaγen s webrid n temgarut (guerrilla) ayyes llan ttakfen ixeṣṣaren imeqranen i Yebriṭaniyen. D acu kan, ineggura-a daγen bdan sseqdacen titaktiyin-nni (tactiques) n temgarut ay sseqdacen Yiboeren, yerna ula d nitni kfan-asen axeṣṣar. Deg 1901, deg wakud aydeg Roberts yeqqel γer Briṭanya, d Kitchener ay d-yeqqimen, i yiman-nnes, d imḍebber aserdasi ameqran n yiγallen ibriṭaniyen deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul, dγa, i wakken ad yerẓ iγallen iboeren, yeḍfer kraḍ n yisurifen. 

 

Tamezwarut, yesseqdec abrid n wuzzal i lmend n wemgaru (ṭṭrad), yerna i wakken ad iεass abrid-nni, yebna iḥṣinen s uḥelyiw akken ad ttγimin deg-sen yiserdasen ibriṭaniyen. D acu kan, iḥṣinen-a llan daγen qellεen seg-sen yiγallen ibriṭaniyen akken ad ddun ad sserγen lγella n Yiboeren. Yuγ lḥal, i wakken ad rnun Iboeren, Ibriṭaniyen bdan sseqdacen tasertit n “wakal yerγan” akken ad slaẓen Iboeren. 

 

D aya ay yejjan aṭas n Yiboeren ad sṛuḥen ixxamen-nsen, yerna tisednan-nsen ed yigerdan-nsen lluẓen. Dγa, i wakken ad rnun ad ten-rẓen Yebriṭaniyen, bnan-asen igriren n wesnejmaε (camps de concentration) anda ay ten-ḥebsen. Yuγ lḥal, tikli-a lemden-tt-id, ahat Yebriṭaniyen seg tikli-nni ay sqedcen Yespenyuliyen deg tallit-nni ya kan deg Cuba. Asmi ay ifuk wemgaru (ṭṭrad) n Yiboeren deg 1902, azal n 115.000 n medden ay d-yufan iman-nsen d imeḥbas deg yegriren-a. Nnig waya, azal n 4000 n tsednan akked 16.000 n yigerdan ay yemmuten seg waḍḍan deg yimukan-nni.

 

 

Vereeniging akked Tdukli: 1902-1910

 

Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella Ibriṭaniyen ssawḍen ad rnun Iboeren deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul, maca imdanen-nni yemmuten deg yegriren n wesnejmaε (camps de concentration) d wid ay icemmten isem n Briṭanya deg temsalt-a. Nnig waya, Iboeren ay yessawḍen ad nγen 22.000 n yiserdasen ibriṭaniyen, mmuten-asen kan 6000 n yiserdasen, yerna d aya ay yesnernan cceḥna deg wulawen-nsen i wakken ad bγun ad alsen ad nnaγen ed Yebriṭaniyen, am wakken ay rnan kesben-d ugar n tmussni deg yimenγi.

 

Maca deg Mayyu n 1902, stenyan Yiboeren amtawa (leεqed) akked Yebriṭaniyen deg temdint n Vereeniging, d win aydeg msefhamen ad ḥebsen amgaru (ṭṭrad). Yuγ lḥal, ula d isem n temdint-nni d azamul, imi anamek-nnes s thulandit “tadukli”. S wemtawa-a, Iboeren qeblen ad ilint tegdudyin-nsen ddaw tecḍaḍt n Briṭanya Tameqrant, maca, seg tama niḍen, Ibriṭaniyen qeblen ad kfen aṭas n yizerfan i Yiboeren (γef umedya, ur yelli win ara yettuḥasben γef wayen yeḍran deg wemgaru, yerna igerdan iboeren sεan azref ad lemden tahulandit deg yiγerbazen izuyaz [publics]). Γas ma yella Iboeren sεan izerfan-a, maca nezmer ad d-nini targit n Cecil Rhodes teffeγ γer tidet imi ay ssawḍen Yebriṭaniyen ad rren akk akal n Tefriqt n Wenẓul ddaw tekbabt-nsen.

 

D acu kan, γas Iboeren xeṣren amgaru, maca aya yesnerna deg-sen cceḥna ed tuṭṭfa deg yedles-nsen afrikan. Yuγ lḥal, Iboeren rran iles-nsen, tafrikant, d azamul n tγelnaẓri (nationalisme). Dγa d aya ay ten-yejjan ad d-sbedden ayen umi semman Taalbond (tadukli n yiles) deg 1903 i lmend n wesnerni n usseqdec n thulandit ed tijjin n tanglizit deg tmiwa-nsen. Nnig waya, bdan qeddcen Yiboeren ugar i lmend n wesnerni n tafrikant (afrikaans) ay yellan d tantala (dialecte) tahulandit ay ssawalen deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. D aya ay ten-yejjan ad bdun ad d-ssuffuγen idlisen-nsen imezwura n yisefra akked tesrit (prose) s yiles afrikaan.

 

Seg tama niḍen, bdan Yiboeren ssebdaden-d tirebbaε tisertiyin. Akabar n Het Volk (Aγref), yennulfa-d deg 1905, sakkin, yerna yennulfa-d ukabar n Orangia Unie (Tadukli n Orange) deg Tehrest [colonie] n Wasif n Orange deg 1906, yerna ikabaren-a deg sin yid-sen llan kkaten i wakken Afrikanen (Iboeren) ad ḥekmen iman-nsen i yiman-nsen.

 

Yuγ lḥal, amtawa (leεqel) n Vereeniging yessefra i wakken tihras (colonies) tiboerin n Tefriqt n Wenẓul ad sεunt inabaḍen (lḥukumat) ifulmanen (autonomes), d acu kan ur d-yettussefhem waya s wugar n ttfaṣil deg wemtawa-nni. Maca Ibriṭaniyen ṭṭfen deg wawal-nsen, yerna jjan s tγawla Iboeren ad sεun tafulmant (autonomie), ladγa imi Akabar Amagaẓ (conservateur) abriṭan ay iḍebbren deg wemgaru (ṭṭrad) n Yiboeren yexṣer tifranin n 1906, yerna d Akabar Alellam (libéral) ay t-id-ixelfen, d win ay yellan yewjed akken ad yeddu deg lebγi i Yiboeren n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Transvaal tettunekf-as tfulmant deg 1906, sakkin, terna tettunekf tfulmant i Tehrest (colonie) n Wasif n Orange deg 1907.

 

Sdeffir wemgaru (ṭṭrad), tama-nni akk n Tefriqt n Wenẓul tebda tettaf iman-nnes seg yidis n tdamsa (économie). Deg yiseggasen imezwura ay d-iḍefren tanusi n yimenγi, Milner yeqdec aṭas i wakken ad yesdukkel tidamwisin n Transvaal ed Orange akked tdamsa tabriṭanit, dγa d aya ay yeskecmen tidamsiwin n Yiboeren deg unagraw (système) n tedwant (douanes) n Briṭanya Tameqrant. Seg tama niḍen, Milner yesdukkel ibriden n wuzzal ibriṭaniyen ed wid n Yiboeren.

 

Sakkin, s wesdukkel n tdamsiwin, qqlen Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren ttnadin ad ddukklen ula seg yidis aserti, γas akken seg melmi kan ay llan d iεdawen imeqranen. D acu kan, assaγen gar Yebriṭaniyen ed Yiboeren bdan lehhun, ladγa imi Iboeren walan amek ay kfan Yebriṭaniyen tafulmant (autonomie) tameqrant i Ustṛalya (1901) ed Ziland Tamaynut (1907), d timura ay terra d iduminyunen [d timura iḥekmen iman-nsent mazal ttwaqqnent s yisem γer Briṭanya Tameqrant]. S waya, imezdaγen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, ama d Ibriṭaniyen neγ d Iboeren, bdan ttxemmimen ad tawey Tefriqt n Wenẓul yeddukklen azarug-nnes (indépendance) akken, ula d nettat ad teḥkem deg tγawsiwin-nnes i yiman-nnes war ma tger-d Briṭanya Tameqrant iman-nnes deg-sent.

 

Deg 1908-1909, tella-d yiwet n temlilit taγelnawt tameqrant aydeg ttekkan yigensasen (représentants) n yemnan (parlements) n 4-nni n tmiwa n Tefriqt n Wenẓul i wakken ad d-gen tamenḍawt (Constitution). Sakkin, yal tama tedγer (tebbuṭi) γef tmenḍawt-nni deg wemni-nnes. Deg tehrest (colonie) n Cape, tin n Transvaal ed tin n Orange, qrib akk iwamniyen (parlementaires) fernen tamenḍawt-nni, deg wakud aydeg deg tama n Natal, gan tasefrent (référendum) aydeg amur ameqran deg medden qebel-tt daγen.

 

Yiwet seg temsal iweεṛen deg lemcawṛat-nni nettat d lebγi n Yiboeren i wakken ad ṭṭfen deg wansayen-nsen (leεwayed) deg temnaḍin-nsen (provinces), d acu kan, ssawḍen ad sqenεen Ibriṭaniyen akken ad qeblen aya. Seg tama niḍen, tahrest (colonie) n Cape, yellan seg zik ur tetteg amgerrad gar yimellalen ed wid ur nelli d imellalen deg temsalt n uttekki deg tefranin, ula d nettat jjan-tt ad tkemmel deg tikli-a, maca, menγir tama-a, timiwa niḍen akk n Tefriqt n Wenẓul llant ur ttakfen azref i wid ur nelli d imellalen akken ad fernen. Amni (parlement) abriṭani yefren Lqanun n Tefriqt n Wenẓul deg Ctembeṛ 1909. D wa ay yerran Tadukli n Tefriqt n Wenẓul d aduminyun imzireg (dominion indépendant) ddaw tecḍaḍt n Umenkud (Empire) Abriṭani deg Mayyu n 1910. Tamdint n Pretoria teqqel d tamaneγt n tedbelt (administration) n tmurt-a tamaynut, deg wakud aydeg tamdint n Cape teqqel d tamaneγt tamsaḍuft (législative) n tmurt, d tin aydeg d-yezga wemni (parlement).

 

Tameḥyaft gar yimellalen ed wid ur nelli d imellalen: 1910-1934

 

Tafriqt n Wenẓul ur telli d tamurt tawḥidt, deg tallit-nni, ay yellan tetteg tameḥyaft gar yimellalen ed wid ur nelli d imellalen, imi kra n tmura n Temrikt Talatinit, deg lqern wis 19, llant ula d nitenti beḍḍunt imezdaγen-nsent d tirebbaε γef leḥsab n wemgerrad n yini (llun) n yigelman-nsen, maca Tafriqt n Wenẓul tella tekkat akk ayen tezmer i wakken ad teεzel wid ur nelli d imellalen. Asmi ay tuwey azarug-nnes (indépendance) deg 1910, Tafriqt n Wenẓul tella tesεa 1.300.000 n yimellalen. Amur ameqran seg-sen d Iboeren neγ d Afrikanen ay d-yudren seg Yihulandiyen-nni imezwura ay d-iẓedmen γef Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Ma d amur niḍen laṣel-nsen d abriṭani. Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella ifuk yimenγi, maca teqqim-d cceḥna ed wekṛah imeqranen gar Wafrikanen ed Yebriṭaniyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Yuγ lḥal, sin-nni n leqrun n ccwal ay d-yellan gar Yiboeren ed Yebriṭaniyen d ayen ay ten-yejjan ad kemmlen ad mcaḥanen ula asmi ay tensa tmes gar-asen.

 

Maca, seg tama niḍen, amur ameqran seg yimezdaγen n tmurt nitni d Ifriqiyen iberkanen imi def 1910, 4 n yimelyunen seg yimezdaγen n tmurt llan d Ifriqiyen yerna Afrikanen ed Yebriṭaniyen ur msefhamen γef tlelli akked yizerfan ara kfen i yineṣliyen-a n tmurt. Γas ma yella Ibriṭaniyen llan bγan ad asen-ttunekfen ugar n yizerfan i Yefriqiyen, maca akk imellalen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul llan ttmuqqulen iberkanen d iqeddacen rxisen i tdamsa-nsen. Menγir imellalen ed yiberkanen, tella daγen terbaεt niḍen n wazal n wezgen n umelyun, d wid umi γγaren “imdanen n yini (llun) [gens de couleur]” (akka ay llan γγaren-asen, deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul, i wid ixelḍen gar yimellalen ed yiberkanen) akked wazal n 180.000 n Wasyawiyen. Amur ameqran seg Wasyawiyen-a llan ddren deg Natal. Yuγ lḥal, wi d Ibriṭaniyen ay ten-id-yuwyen seg Lhend deg yiseggasen n 1860 akked ad qedcen deg yigran n uγanim n sskeṛ. Yal tamnaḍt (province) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul tḥettem-d leqyud yemgerraden γef temnaḍt niḍen deg wayen yerzan imdanen ur nelli d imellalen. Deg Temnaḍt n Cape, imdanen n yini (gens de couleur) llan sεan izerfan am wid n yimellalen, yerna llan ttalasen ad ttekkin deg tefranin ma yella llan deg-sen ccuruḍ yessekfen. Maca deg temnaḍin niḍen, imdanen n yiniten llan ur sεin izerfan, am nitni, am wid akk ur nelli d imellalen.

 

Louis Botha

 

Seg tama niḍen, Asyawiyen n Natal, γas llan ugaren imellalen deg wemḍan (nombre), maca llan ur sεin izerfan am wid n yimellalen. Yella yessekf fell-asen ad xellṣen tiwsi (leγrama) n 3 £ (n tlibriwin) yili imellalen ur tt-ttxelliṣen, yerna yella udabu yesseγlay s leqder-nsen deg waṭas n tγawsiwin. Γef umedya (lemtel), deg 1906, yeffeγ-d yiwen n lqanun ay iḥettmen akk Ihendiyen n Natal ad kelsen (enregistrer) lateṛ-nsen n yiḍudan (dγa d aya ay yejjan Gandhi [ay yellan yezdeγ deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul] ad d-yebdu imenγi-nnes n satyagraha, neγ “azbu war takriḍt [résistance sans violence]”, d win ayyes ssawḍen Yihendiyen n Natal ad ḥettmen imḍebbren imellalen ad sbeṭlen lqanun-a). Seg yidis n tsertit, imi d Afrikanen ay yellan ugar n Yebriṭaniyen (ladγa imi d qrib ala d imellalen ay yellan sεan azref ad ttekkin deg tefranin), anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul yeqqel, s umata, d Afrikanen ay t-iḥekkmen. D acu kan, γas amur ameqran seg yemḍebbren d Afrikanen, maca llan ur ttemseεdawen dima ed Yebriṭaniyen. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) amezwaru n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, win n 1910, d Louis Botha ay d Aneγlaf-nnes Amezwaru, ma d Jan Smuts d aneγlaf n tγawsiwin n daxel. Deg sin yid-sen ttekkan deg wemgaru n Yiboeren mgal Yebriṭaniyen. D acu kan, Akabar Afrikan ay d-sbedden deg 1910 (d win umi semman, sakkin, Akabar n Tefriqt n Wenẓul) d win ay iqedcen i lmend n ussejhed n wemεiwen akked Briṭanya Tameqrant akked wemεiwen gar Wafrikanen ed Yebriṭaniyen sdaxel Tefriqt n Wenẓul.

 

D acu kan, Afrikanen imeḍḍurfa ur ten-teεjib tikli-a, imi ay llan ugaden ad tefsi tnettit-nsen (identié) s wemxalaḍ akked Yebriṭaniyen. Tugdi-nsen tennerna deg 1914, asmi ay yeεzem Botha ad tettekki Tefriqt n Wenẓul deg Wemgaru (ṭṭrad) Amaḍlan Amezwaru γer yidis n yemsisan (alliés) (d ayen ay yejjan, sakkin, Tafriqt n Wenẓul ad tessuffeγ Lalman seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul-Utrim [Sud-Ouest] ay yeqqlen ass-a d Namibya). Deg tegnit-nni n ccwal n 1914, yennulfa-d ukabar afrikan aγelnaẓri (nationaliste), d win umi semman Akabar Aγelnaw, yerna d J.B.M. Hertzog ay t-id-yesbedden. Akabar n Tefriqt n Wenẓul ay yellan yettnadi ad yemsegma ed Yebriṭaniyen yeqqim deg udabu arma d 1924 (imi deg 1919, Smuts yexlef-d Botha deg wemkan n Uneγlaf Amezwaru), d acu kan, iγelnaẓriyen bdan seεεun azal ula d nitni deg tsertit n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Deg 1924, d akabar n Hertzog ay irebḥen tifranin, dγa s waya, yebda itteg-d leqwanin ara yernun ad ḥerzen ugar amkan n yimellalen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Deg 15 n yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yefren aṭas n leqwanin i wakken ur yettajja Ifriqiyen ed Wasyawiyen ad lemden ṣṣenεat imeεnen, ur yettajja Ifriqiyen ad kecmen timdinin n yimellalen, yerna ad yebḍu gar yimellalen ed yiberkanen deg waṭas n yinurar.

 

Γas akken Hertzog yebda-d tikli n tḥeqranit taqesḥant akked wid ur nelli d imellalen, aṭas n Wafrikanen ay t-iwalan ur yessaqseḥ tikli-nnes akken yessekf (imi anabaḍ [lḥukuma] n Hertzog ur igi amgerrad gar yimellalen ed yemdanen n yini [gens de couleur]). D aya ay yejjan Daniel Malan ad d-yeg, deg 1934, Akabar Aγelnaw Azedgan (Purified National Party). Γas ma yella deg tallit-nni akabar-nni d amecṭuḥ, yerna tanekra Wemgaru (ṭṭrad) Amaḍlan wis Sin ur t-tejji ad yaweḍ s adabu d umatu, maca annulfu n ukabar-a d win ay d-yerẓan asalu i yiwet n tallit d taberkant deg umezruy n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, d tin aydeg tamurt-a tekcem deg tmeḥyaft ed tḥeqranit tameqrant mgal yiberkanen, d tallit n apartheid.

 

Akabar Yeddukklen ed Wemgaru Amaḍlan wis Sin : 1934-1948

 

Ccwal ay d-yellan deg tdamsa, deg yiseggasen n 1930, d ayen ay icewwlen anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Hertzog, yerna d aya ay yejjan aneggaru-a ad yeddukkel akked ukabar n Smuts. Deg 1934, akabar n Hertzog ed win n Smuts qqlen d yiwen n ukabar umi semman Akabar Yeddukklen (United Party). Hetzog yeqqim deg wemkan-nnes n Uneγlaf Amezwaru, deg wakud aydeg Smuts yeqqel d anmazul-nnes (vice-Premier ministre). Smuts yebded γer yidis n Hertzog deg wayen yerzan assejhed n tsertit n tmeḥyaft mgal wid ur nelli d imellalen, maca asmi ay yenker Wemgaru (ṭṭrad) Amaḍlan wis Sin, deg 1939, Smuts yebda ibeεεed γef Hertzog. Yuγ lḥal, Smuts, am tikkelt-nni tamezwarut, deg 1914, yella iεewwel ad yennaγ γer yidis n Yebriṭaniyen, deg wakud aydeg Hertzog yella yebγa ad yeṭṭef talemmast. Deg yiwet n tefrant ay d-yellan deg 4 Ctembeṛ 1939, amni (parlement) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul yedda akked Smuts (80 n tuγac mgal 67) i lmend n uttekki n Tefriqt n Wenẓul deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan wis Sin. D aya ay yejjan Hertzog ad yeffeγ seg wemkan-nnes n Uneγlaf Amezwaru, dγa d Smuts ay t-id-ixelfen.

 

Jan Christiaan Smuts

 

Imezdaγen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul bedden γer yidis n Smuts. Azal n 325.000 n yergazen ay igujjan deg yiserdasen akken ad ttekkin deg wemgaru (ṭṭrad), yerna amur ameqran seg-sen d Afrikanen. Deg tefrant n 1943, Smuts yules yettwafren d Aneγlaf Amezwaru. D acu kan, yal akersi ur d-yerbiḥ Ukabar Yeddukklen, yerbeḥ-it Ukabar Aγelnaw Azedgan n Daniel Malan. Semmus (xemsa) n yiseggasen sakkin, akabar n Malan (umi semman “Akabar Aγelnaw Yulsen Addukkel” [Reunited National Party], sakkin rran-t d “Akabar Aγelnaw”) yerbeḥ deg tefranin n wemni (parlement) yerna yeddukkel ed yiwen n ukabar afrikan amecṭuḥ i wakken ad d-yeg anabaḍ (lḥukuma). Dγa d tin ay d tallit aydeg yella itteddu ad d-yebdu apartheid, yerna d aya ara yessiwḍen Tafriqt n Wenẓul akken ad tettwaεzel deg umaḍal.

 

Tallit taberkant n apartheid: 1948-1990

 

Awal n apartheid yekka-d seg tafrikant, yerna anamek-nnes (lmeεna-nnes) “beḍḍu”. Tikli-a tamaynut yebda-tt-id unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul seg 1948 d asawen, maca tasertit-a tella-d d akemmel kan n tikli ay d-yebda ya Hertzog [deg yiseggasen n 1920] yerna ikemmel-itt Smuts deffir-s. D acu kan, sdeffir n Wemgaru (ṭṭrad) Amaḍlan wis Sin, inabaḍen yemseḍfaren n Ukabar Aγelnaw (win n Malan gar 1948 ed 1954, Strijdom gar 1954 ed 1958, Verwoerd gar 1958 ed 1966, Vorster gar 1966 ed 1978) d wid ay iqedcen s uεewwel akked cceḥna i lmend n bennu ed uḥettem n unagraw (système) n tmeḥyaft ed tḥeqranit γef wid ur nelli d imellalen deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) tga-d azmam (registre) aydeg ara arun yal amdan deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul akked yiri-nnes (race). Nnig waya, yettwagdel (yettwamneε) zzwaj gar yimellalen ed wid ur nelli d imellalen. Timdinin akked wakal n tmurt ttwabḍan d timiwa. Yal tama tettunekf i kra n yiri (race), yerna imdanen n yiri n tama-a ur ttalasen ad sεun ayla deg tama n yiri aydeg ur ttekkan. Ifriqiyen sεan azref akken ad ddun γer tmiwa n yimellalen i wakken kan ad qedcen, maca yessekf arma yettunekf-asen ttesriḥ ara zemren ad kecmen γer tmiwa-a.

 

Ala d imellalen ay yesεan azref ad γren deg tesdawit, deg wakud aydeg yal iri (race) yesεa iγerbazen-nnes i yiman-nnes: imdanen n yini (gens de couleur), Asyawiyen ed teqbilin timeqranin n Yefriqiyen (Isothoten, Ixhosaten ed Yizuluten) yettunekf-asen wezref ad sεun iγerbazen, maca d wid aydeg ala nitni ara ilemmden, yerna ur zemmren ad xelḍen ed yimellalen. Ula deg tudert n yal ass, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yessekcem tameḥyaft deg yinurar aydeg, zik, ur telli tmeḥyaft. Qqlen yimellalen ed wid ur nelli d imellalen ur yessekf ad xelḍen deg yisakacen (lkiṛan), deg tmacint, deg tesreqqest (lbusṭa), deg temkarḍit (bibliothèque), deg ssinima akked umezgun. Imdanen ur nelli d imellalen bdan ttwaεzalen, cwiṭ, cwiṭ, seg tsertit n tmurt. Imdanen n yili (gens de couleur) ay yellan, naqal, sεan azref ad ttekkin deg tefranin deg tama n Cape, yettwakkes-asen wezref-a deg 1956 (sdeffir ma yella-d ccṛeε d ameqran γef temsalt-a). Wid yellan ttdafaεen γef tsertit n apartheid nnan-d γas ma ttwaεezlen Yefriqiyen γef yimellalen, maca, seg tama niḍen, Ifriqiyen sεan izerfan-nsen deg wakal ay asen-yettunekfen. Deg 1959, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yefren “Lqanun n Unabaḍ Afulman (autonome)”, d win aydeg d-snulfan 10 n “tmura” tifriqiyin daxel Tefriqt n Wenẓul, d tid umi semman “ibantustanen”. “Timura”-a d tid umi ara tettunekf tfulmant (autonomie) akken Ifriqiyen ad ḥekmen iman-nsen i yiman-nsen, d acu kan, mazal yezmer udabu n Tefriqt n Wenẓul ad d-iger iman-nnes deg tsertit-nsent, imi ay yesεa azref n uveto. Gar tmura-a, tamurt n Transkei, ay d-yennulfan deg 1959, d nettat ay d tameqrant akk.

 

Tasertit n apartheid tejja aṭas n tmura n umaḍal ad d-wtent s teqseḥ deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Deg 1961, timura n Commonwealth wtent-d deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul, dγa tejbed iman-nnes seg-s yerna teqqel d tagduda. Deg 1948, Agraw Amatu n Yeγlanen Yeddukklen (Nations Unies) iwet-d ula d netta deg apartheid (imir-nni d aseggas amezwaru aydeg yeṭṭef Ukabar Aγelnaw adabu deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul), sakkin, deg 1962, Agraw Amatu n Yeγlanen Yeddukklen iger-d tiγri i tmura ay yettekkan deg-s akken ad εaqbent Tafriqt n Wenẓul. Amur ameqran seg tmura n Tefriqt ttekkant deg uεaqeb-a, maca timura tutrimin (tiγerbiyin) kukrant ad ttekkint ula d nitenti (ladγa Iwunak Yeddukklen akked Briṭanya Tameqrant deg yiseggasen n 1980 ddaw udabu n Reagan ed Thatcher). D acu kan, deg 1986, deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, nekren-d aṭas n medden mgal aqbal ay yeqbel unabaḍ (lḥukuma) amarikani taḥeqranit ay d-yettilin deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul war ma iεuqeb tamurt-a, dγa d aya ay yejjan Congress ad yefren ad iεaqeb Tafriqt n Wenẓul seg yidis n tnezzut (ttjaṛa) akked tedrimt, am wakken ay yegdel (yemneε) γef Yimarikaniyen ad ddun γer tmurt-a s webrid n yigenni. D aya ay yekksen akukru i tmura niḍen n Utaram (lγerb), yerna ula d nitenti ḥettment-d aεaqeb γef Tefriqt n Wenẓul.

 

Seg tama niḍen, Tafriqt n Wenẓul tettwaεzel ula deg yinurar n waddal ed yedles. Qqlen yinaddalen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul ur zmiren ad ttekkin deg yemsazwaren (compétitions) igraγlanen n, am wakken tirebbaε n yinuẓar (ifennanen) am wid yetturaren deg umezgun neγ wid yekkaten aẓawan (lmuziga) qqlen ttagin ad ddun γer Tefriqt n Wenẓul, yerna win seg-sen ara yeddun γer tmurt-a, ad t-γanzun yimeddukal-nnes. Maca imenγi ameqran ay d-yellan mgal apartheid d win ay d-yellan sdaxel Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Imenγi-a yebda-d, deg tazwara, war asseqdec n yiγil, akken tella tikli n Gandhi. D acu kan, uwḍent temsal arma ay d-yebda usseqdec n leslaḥ. Yuγ lḥal, deg 1966, Aneγlaf Amezwaru n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, Hendrik Verwoerd, yemmut s tyitiwin n tefrut (lmus) n yiwen n yiminig ameslub, d acu kan, ar ass-a ur iban ayγer ay t-yenγa. Akken yebγu yili, simal llan rennun yimellalen ssiqsiḥen lbaṭel-nsen n apartheid γef wid ur nelli d imellalen, simal yella yettnerni ccwal ed yimenγi gar yimellalen ed wid ur nelli d imellalen. Taḥemla-a n yimenγi bdant-tt-id snat trebbaε yemqaraben gar-asent, ANC akked PAC.

 

ANC ed PAC: 1949-1978

 

Akabar n African National Congress (ANC – Aswir Aγelnaw Afriqi) yennulfa-d qbel ad d-snulfun Wafrikanen akabar-nsen aγelnaẓri (nationaliste). ANC sbeddent-id deg 1912 (s yisem n Weswir Aγelnaw n Yineṣliyen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, sakkin, semman-as ANC deg 1923), yerna iswi-nnes amezwaru netta d adafeε γef yizerfan n Yefriqiyen ed yemdanen n yini (gens de couleurs) i lmend n uttekki deg tefranin deg tama n Cape. Sdeffir Wemgaru (ṭṭrad) Amaḍlan wis Sin, asmi ay yerbeḥ Ukabar Aγelnaw n yimellalen deg tefranin, yennerna ccwal γef wid ur nelli d imellalen, dγa s waya, i lmend n ussejhed n udafeε γef yizerfan n Yefriqiyen, tarbaεt n ANC qqlen ḥekmen-tt yemḍebbren ay yettnadin ad ssiqesḥen tikli-nsen akked yimellalen ay ten-iḥeqren, gar-asen Oliver Tambo ed Nelson Mandela. Sin-a n yemḍebbren bdan ttgen ifadden i medden akken ad gen assunded (grève) deg lluzinat n yimellalen, ed ad ttekkin deg uγanzu (boycott) n yimellalen, deg tikliwin ed leqdicat niḍen n yimenγi war asseqdec n yiγil akken ad d-sseknen tigin-nsen i leqwanin n tmeḥyaft. Deg 1955, gar Yefriqiyen n ANC yiwet n temlilit umi semman Aswir n Weγref (Congress of the People), d tin aydeg d-gan Arkawal (charte) i lmend n Tlelli.

 

Oliver Tambo

 

Arkawal (charte) n Tlelli n 1955 d win aydeg yessuter umussu n ANC ad tili tugdut ara iḥazen akk imezdaγen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, ama d imellalen neγ d wid ur nelli d imellalen, yerna yenna-d Werkawal-a: “Tafriqt n Wenẓul d ayla n wakk wid yeddren deg-s, d imellalen neγ d iberkanen, yerna ur yelli unabaḍ [lḥukuma] ay yettalasen ad d-iḥettem adabu-nnes, ala ma yettwafren s lebγi n weγref [cceεb]”. D acu kan, simal tella terbaεt n ANC (aydeg ttekkan ula d imdanen n yini, asyawiyen ed yimellalen ilellamen [libéraux]) tessejhad leqdic-nnes deg wenrar, simal imsulta (ibulisen) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul rennun ssejhaden lḥeṛs-nsen γef terbaεt-a. Yuγ lḥal, taswiεt-nni, ANC yella mazal yettnaγ war takriḍt (violence), yerna ula d amaḍal yesteεṛef s waya imi Albert Luthuli (ay yeqqlen d aselway n ANC seg 1952) yuwey Arraz n Nobel n Talwit deg 1960. D acu kan, deg useggas-nni ya kan, ḍrant-d tedyanin ay yernan zzit i tmes, ladγa seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa terbaεt n PAC.

 

Deg 1959, Robert Sobukwe, yesnulfa-d tarbaεt tamaynut ayyes yemsebḍa ed ANC imi ay yella yettxemmim tarbaεt-a teḍεef imi ay d-terna γer yidis-nnes ula d wid ur nelli d iberkanen. S waya, Sobukwe yesnulfa-d tarbaεt umi isemma “Pan-Africanist Congress” (Aswir Akkafriqi), yerna d tin aydeg ala Ifriqiyen ay yettekkan. Tarbaεt n PAC tefren abrid aydeg tettnadi ad tqazem imellalen s wugar n teqseḥ. Deg Meγres n 1960, d timerwin (dizaines) n yigiman (luluf) n Yefriqiyen, deg wakk timiwa n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, ay yeddan γer wammasen n temsulta (commissariats) akken ad ttren seg yemsulta ad ten-ḥebsen. Yuγ lḥal, Ifriqyen-nni iẓedmen γef wammasen n temsulta ur uwyen yid-sen ttesriḥat (yili, deg lqanun n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, yessekf γef yal Afriqi ad yeddu s ttesriḥ), s waya, ssersen adabu n Tefriqt n Wenẓul deg tegnit tawezγit, imi imsulta ur zmiren ad awyen aγref (cceεb) s lekmal-nnes γer lḥebs. D acu kan, deg temdint n Sharpville ay d-yezgan sdat Johannesburg, imsulta (ibulisen) ur ḥkimen iman-nsen. Wten lγaci s rrṣaṣ, dγa nγan ugar n 60 n medden yerna jerḥen azal n 180 (amur ameqran seg-sen ttewten deg weεrur, mi llan rewwlen). Tadyant-a tuqriḥt d tin ay ibeddlen akk amezruy n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Asmi ay d-teḍra, d igiman (luluf) n medden ay yebdan ttgen tikliwin, yerna ttgen isundiden (grèves), deg wakud aydeg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yimellalen yerna yessaqseḥ tasetit-nnes imi ay yegdel (yemneε) tirebbaε n ANC ed PAC, yerna yuwey azal n 11.000 n medden γer lḥebs.

 

Deg 1961, tarbaεt n ANC tessebded-d yiwet n terbaεt timselleḥt, d tin umi semman Umkhonto we Sizwe (Axtuc [lance] n Weγlan). Tarbaεt-a timselleḥt tebda tetteg lecγal n wesfata (sabotage). Yiwen seg yemḍebbren-nnes d Nelson Mandela. D acu kan, deg 1964, yettwaṭṭef Mandela, ḥekmen fell-as s lḥebs s teγzef n tudert yerna uznen-t γer lḥebs n Tegzirt n Robben, deg temda n temdint n Cape Town. Ma d Oliver Tambo yessaweḍ ad yerwel γer Zambya deg 1960, yerna yeqqel d aselway n ANC deg lγerba. Asmi ay yessaweḍ udabu amellal n Tefriqt n Wenẓul ad yeṭṭef imḍebbren n ANC ed PAC ed ad ten-yerr γer lḥebs, yerna wid ay d-yeqqimen rewlen γer lγerba, yers cwiṭ ccwal-nni ay yellan deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Maca deg yiseggasen n 1970, tenker-d tsuta tamaynut n yimeγnasen ifriqiyen, ay d-yessuturen abeddel. Yiwet n terbaεt n yinelmaden, gar-asen Steve Biko, sbedden-d amussu n Black Consciousness (Tafrit n Yiberkanen), d win ay yellan itteg ifadden i yiberkanen akken ad feṛḥen s yedles akked wansayen-nsen (leεwayed). Deg waḍu-nni n umussu (mouvement) n Black Consciousness, inelmaden n yiwen n uγerbaz n Soweto (d yiwen n wegmam [quartier] n yibeṛṛaken ay d-yezgan rrif n Johannesburg) gan yiwet n tmeskant (tamesbanit) i wakken ad d-sseknen urfan-nsen γef ljal yiwen n lqanun ay iḥettmen iγerbazen n yiberkanen ad lemmden s tafrikant.

 

Tameskant-nni (tamesbanit) teffeγ afus i wid ay tt-id-yebdan, dγa teqqel d taγewwaγt (émeute). Imsulta (ibulisen) qerrsen s rrṣaṣ γef lγaci-nni, dγa d aya ay d-yesnekren tiγewwaγin deg wakk timiwa n Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Sdeffir 3 wussan n ccwal, imsulta nγan, ma ulac, 100 n yiberkanen yerna jerḥen ugar n 1000. Sakkin, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul yebda-d taḥemla n wemḥaq n wakk wid yebγan ad d-snekren tiγewwaγin, dγa s waya, yenγa aṭas n yiberkanen niḍen, gar-asen Steve Biko, ay yemmuten deg 1977 s lejruḥ n tyitiwin ay yuγ deg yiγef mi yella ddaw tεessast n yemsulta. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni ya, irgazen n yiweẓla (hommes ḍaffaires) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul bdan steεṛifen tasertit-a n apartheid ur tezmir ad tkemmel i lebda, imi aya simal irennu yessiqsiḥ taεdawt gar Tefriqt n Wenẓul ed tmura niḍen n umaḍal. Deg 1978, yettwafren P. W. Botha d Aneγlaf Amezwaru n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, deg deg wemkan n Vorster, yerna yeεreḍ ad ibeddel tikli i lmend n ussenqes n weεzal ay tettwaεzel Tefriqt n Wenẓul deg umaḍal.

 

Botha akked De Klerk: 1978-1990

 

Tallit n Botha d tin aydeg d-yella ubeddel d ameqran γef leḥsab n tallit-nni yella uqbel-is. Yuγ lḥal, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yekkes aṭas seg leqwanin-nni iqesḥanen n apartheid. Γef umedya (lemtel), lqanun-nni ur nettajja iberkanen ad ddun γer kra n wemkan arma s ttesriḥ yettwakkes, yerna qqlen yiberkanen sεan azref ad ddun sanda ay asen-yehwa war ttesriḥ. Daγen, yettwabṭel lqanun-nni ay igedlen (imenεen) zzwaj gar yiberkanen ed yimellalen. Beḍḍu gar yiberkanen ed yimellalen deg yimukan izuyaz (endroits publics) wayemma yettwakkes, wayemma yenqes. Yettunekf daγen wezref i wid ur nelli d imellalen ad gen ṣṣenεat imeεnen, yerna, i tikkelt tamezwarut, ula d iberkanen qqlen sεan azref ad d-sbedden inmula-nsen (syndicats), ad ten-ssiggzen (ad ten-mmeṛkin) yerna ad ilin s webrid n lqanun. D acu kan, isurifen-a d wid ayyes yeεreḍ unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Botha ad iḥudd iswi ameqran ayγef d-yennulfa apartheid: adabu n yimellalen deg Tefriqt n Webẓul. Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella amur ameqran seg yimezdaγen n tmurt d Ifriqiyen, maca werεad ur sεin azref ad ttekkin deg tsertit n tmurt. S waya, ayen ay d-yesnekren urfan n Yefriqiyen werεad yefri, yerna ula d Botha, deg wakud aydeg yella yesnufsusuy leqyud seg tama, yella daγen izemmeḍ-iten seg tama niḍen.

 

Pieter Willem Botha

 

Botha yesnerna s waṭas tizemmar n yiγallen imsellḥen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, yerna yuzen iserdasen ula γer tmura tijiratin n Tefriqt n Wenẓul akked ad rẓen wid ay yettεawanen ANC. Yuγ lḥal, Tafriqt n Wenẓul tella tekkat i wakken ad tcewwel timura tifriqiyin ay d-yezzin fell-as (Angola, Muzambik ed Botswana) ladγa imi inabaḍen-nsent (lḥukumat) llan mgal Tefriqt n Wenẓul yerna llan ttεawanen ANC. Γer Tefriqt n Wenẓul-Utrim [Namibya n wass-a], Botha yuzen aṭas n yiserdasen akken ad nnaγen mgal SWAPO [amussu ay yellan yettnaγ i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-a]. Ma sdaxel tmurt, Botha yefka ttesriḥ i yiγallen n temsulta (ibulisen) ed yiserdasen akken ad sqedcen lbaṭel aberkan γef yiberkanen, akken ad ten-ssigden. Ttawilat n yisalan n Tefriqt n Wenẓul llan ur d-ssawalen akk γef temsal-a i wakken amaḍal ur iẓerr acemma seg wayen yellan iḍerru imir-nni, d acu kan, kra seg yinagan yesεan tabγest (lkuṛaj), llan ssawalen-d war akukru γef lbaṭel ed tḥeqranit ay yellan ḍerrun imir-nni, gar-asen nezmer ad d-nebder Desmond Tutu, ay yellan, imir-nni, d imḍebber n Teklizt Tanglikanit n Soweto. Deg 1984, ula d netta yuwey Arraz n Nobel n Talwit i lmend n yimenγi-nnes mgal apartheid. Deg wezgen wis sin n yiseggasen n 1980, tadamsa n Tefriqt n Wenẓul yufa-tt-id lḥal tenḍerr, yerna kemmlen-as yisundiden (grèves) n yiqeddacen iberkanen deg lminat n wureγ akked udamas (diamants), yerna seg waya ay d-trebbeḥ Tefriqt n Wenẓul amur ameqran seg yedrimen-nnes. Deg 1989, P. W. Botha yella yuḍen, yerna sqenεen-t yemḍebbren n Tefriqt n Wenẓul akken ad yejbed iman-nnes seg udabu. S waya, Akabar Aγelnaw yefren-d deg wemkan-nnes F. W. de Klerk, ay yella meẓẓiy s waṭas γef Botha.

 

Deg 2 Fuṛaṛ 1990, Frederik W. de Klerk yessewhem amni (parlement) n Tefriqt n Wenẓul akked tmura n umaḍal mi d-yenna ad ibeddel tiγawsiwin seg lqaεa. De Klerk yenna-d ad yettwakkes apartheid, ad asen-d-brun i yimeḥbas isertiyen, ad yettwakkes wegdal-nni (amnaε) n ANC ed PAC, yerna ad d-tebdu tallit tamaynut n wemciweṛ. Tẓa (tesεa) wussan sdeffir ma yeγra-d De Klerk inaw-nnes (discours), bran-as-d i Nelson Mandela seg lḥebs. Sakkin, qbel ad ifak useggas-nni, yeqqel-d Tambo seg lγerba.  

 

De Klerk and Mandela: 1990-1994

 

Yuγ lḥal, qbel iseggasen n 1990, medden llan ttxemmimen werjin ad d-taweḍ tallit aydeg ara ssiwḍen Yefriqiyen ad ḥekmen Tafriqt n Wenẓul war ma yella-d wemgaru aγarim (guerre civile). D acu kan, Mandela akked De Klerk ssawḍen ad ssukken Tafriqt n Wenẓul seg tallit aydeg d imellalen Afrikanen ay tt-iḥekmen, γer tallit aydeg Ifriqiyen ay tt-iḥekmen war ma yella-d ccwal. D aya ay ten-yejjan ad awyen, ula d nitni, Arraz n Nobel n Talwit deg 1993. Mi d-yeffeγ Mandela seg lḥebs, Ifriqiyen iberkanen mmugren-t s lfeṛḥ d ameqran mliḥ. Sakkin, deg 1991, yeqqel d imḍebber n ANC deg wemkan n Oliver Tambo. D acu kan, ugur ameqran aydeg d-yewḥel ama d netta, ama d De Klerk, netta d amek ara sqenεen lγaci-nsen (iberkanen ed yimelallen) ad semmḥen, yal yiwen, seg lḥeqq-nnes, i wakken ad ssiwḍen ad kken γer tallit aydeg ara tettwaḥkem tmurt s uttekki n wakk imezdaγen-nnes, yerna war ccwal. D acu kan, ssawḍen ad gen aya γas akken yewεeṛ wenrar, yerna win yettekkan attekki ameqran deg temsalt-a netta d Mandela, s ṛṛuh-nni-nnes n usemmeḥ. Γas akken yekka qrib 30 n yiseggasen deg lḥebs, maca ur yeṭṭif cceḥna i yimellalen. Asmi ay d-yeffeγ, yeqqel iḥar ad yessiwel ula akked wid-nni ay yennuγen s teqseḥ ed cceḥna mgal ayen ay yebγa. S waya, yeqqel Mandela d azamul n wemsuγal gar yiberkanen ed yimellalen yerna d assirem n uzekka aydeg ara ddren deg tmurt icerken war amennuγ.

 

De Klerk ed Mandela

 

Maca am Mandela, am de Klerk, deg sin yid-sen mlalen-d ed wuguren imeqranen deg leqdic-nsen. De Klerk yella yessekf ad yesseqneε imeḍḍurfa imeqranen n Ukabar Aγelnaw (n yimellalen), deg lweqt aydeg Mandela yella daγen yessekf fell-as ad yesseqneε Izuluten n Natal (ay yeḥkem yemḍebber-nsen Mangosuthu Buthelezi) akken ad gen talwit gar-asen.

 

Buthelezi ed Inkatha: 1990-1994

 

Seg wasmi ay teγli tgelda-nsen (royaume) tameqrant deg lqern wis 19, Izuluten εezlen iman-nsen, s umata, γef wakk tirebbaε tiberkanin n Tefriqt. Σemmi-s n Buthelezi yella d netta ay d imḍebber n Yizuluten yerna yessebded-d deg 1922 yiwen n umussu (mouvement) umi semman Inkatha yeNkululedo yeSizwe i lmend n wesnerni n yedles azulu. Seg yiseggasen n 1970 d asawen, Buthelezi ikemmel tikli-nni n εemmi-s yerna yessader-d amussu n Inkatha. Deg 1972, Buthelezi yebda amεiwen akked udabu amellal n apartheid yerna d aya ay t-yejjan ad yeqqel d aneγlaf-imḍebber n tama n KwaZulu, tamurt ay d-ḥudden yimellalen i Yizuluten. Deg tallit-nni, yella mazal-it yettekka deg ANC, d acu kan, deg 1974, yemsefraq akked umussu-a yerna yenna-d Ifriqiyen zemren ad nnernin ugar s wemεiwen akked udabu amesbaṭli n apartheid, wala s yimenγi i lmend n usseγli n apartheid. Deg yiseggasen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Botha, Akabar Aγelnaw n yimellalen ikemmel yettεawan s tuffra amussu n Inkatha s yedrimen i yeqqim umussu-a dima yebεed γef ANC.

 

Deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, mi d-iqerreb ttiεad n tefranin timagdayin (démocratiques) timezwura deg umezruy n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, Buthelezi yerra amussu (mouvement) n Inkatha d akabar, d win umi isemma Akabar n Tlelli n Inkatha. D acu kan, aya yegla-d s ccwal d ameqran gar Yizuluten ay yeddan ed ANC ed wid yeddan ed Inkatha deg tama n Yizuluten, deg ugafa (nord) n temnaḍt n Natal, yerna d igiman (luluf) n medden ay yemmuten seg ccwal-a. Γas akken, tifranin-nni n Yebrir n 1994 kkant war ccwal. Akabar n ANC yerbeḥ-d 63% n tuγac, Akabar Aγelnaw (n yimellalen) 20%, ma d Inkatha 10%. Tamenḍawt (Constitution) n 1993 d tin yessefran ad ttwabḍun yimukan n yineγlafen s leḥsab ay d-iṣaḥen yal akabar deg tefranin. S waya, ANC iṣaḥ-t-id ad yesεu 20 n yineγlafen, Akabar Aγelnaw ṣaḥen-t-d 7 n yineγlafen, ma d akabar n Inkatha saḥen-t-id 3.

 

Tallit n Nelson Mandela: 1994-1999

 

Deg wass n 10 Mayyu 1994, Mandela yusa-d γer tmeγra aydeg ara yeggal ad yeqqel d aselway amezwaru n Tefriqt n Wenẓul tamagdayt (démocratique). Tameγra-nni d tin aydeg ḥedṛen 45 n yiγfawen n Yiwunak (chefs ḍEtats) yerna ssukken-tt-id deg wakk tilibizyuwat n umaḍal. Lebγi-nnes ijehden ay t-yerran d amedya n ssmaḥ akked tmussni n leḥkem (yuγ lḥal, yezmer ad yili d netta ay d imḍebber igerrzen akk deg lqern wis 20), d ayen ara t-yejjen ad yaf amek ara yefru s tefses uguren imeqranen ay d-tewṛet Tefriqt n Wenẓul. Gar wuguren aydeg d-tufa iman-nnes tmurt, llan sin d imeqranen. Yiwen yeqqen γer yezri (passé), ma d wayeḍ, yeqqen γer yimal (futur) iqerben. Yuγ lḥal, aselway Mandela yella yessekf fell-as ad ihedden aγref (cceεb) i wakken ur yettaṭṭaf cceḥna i yimellalen ay yessukken fell-as lbaṭel deg yiseggasen n apartheid. Seg tama niḍen, yella yessekf fell-as ad d-yaf tifrat i yimelyunen-nni n yiberkanen igellilen, ur nesεi aqeddic, ladγa imi akabar n ANC yella yettberriḥ, deg tḥemla n tefranin, ad yeḍmen “tudert yelhan i wakk medden”.

 

Deg wayen yerzan ugur-nni amezwaru, Mandela yessebded-d deg 1994, Taseqqamut n Tidet ed Wemsuγal i lmend n ussesten (enquête) deg temsal n tmenγiwin tisertiyin ay gan ama d imellalen, ama d iberkanen, gar 1960 ed 1993. D Desmond Tutu ay yellan d aselway n Tseqqamut-nni, yerna seg 1996 d asawen, tebda Tseqqamut tsell i cchadat n wid yenḍerren seg tmenγiwin-nni. Taseqqamut-a d tin ay yesεan azref ad tsemmeḥ i wid iḍelmen ma yella ttekkan s tidet deg usseḍher n tidet. Seg yidis n tdamsa, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) tebda-d ahil (programme) ameqran, d win aydeg yebda ibennu tanezduγt yerna yesnulfuy-d imukan n uqeddic. D acu kan, γas ttwabnant aṭas n tnezduγin, anabaḍ ur yessaweḍ ad d-yaf aqeddic s tefses i wakk wid ay t-yeḥwajen. Deg 1994, anabaḍ yefren yiwen n Lqanun n Tririt n Yizerfan n Wakal, d win ayyes ara yerr izerfan n wayla i wakk wid umi yettwakkes wayla. S waya, deg 1997, azal n 5 n yimelyunen n wakriyen (acres) n wakal ay yettwaferqen i wid umi yettwakkes wayla zik. Maca imi ay mazal aṭas n yigellilen deg tmurt, yerna tamsulta (police) ur tessaweḍ ad d-tḥettem aḥkim akken yessekf, tennerna s waṭas tmenγiwt deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul.

 

Tamenḍawt-nni (Constitution) n 1993 tettwafren deg wemkan-nnes tmenḍawt niḍen deg 1996, d tin ara yilin d tamezgayt (permanente). Tamenḍawt-a d tin ay yessefran ad tekkes, seg 1999 d asawen beḍḍu-nni n yikersiwen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) γef leḥsab n yikabaren n tdukli taγelnawt [akken teḍra deg 1994].

 

Tasuqilt sγur Omar Mouffok (Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen – www.imedyazen.com)

Taγbalut: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=588&HistoryID=aa62&gtrack=pthc