Sγur Judy Rumerman

Deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1960, nnernan yemdanen ay yessakalen (yettṣafaren) s usafag (ṛṛublan), dγa d aya ay yejjan tikebbaniyin n waffug ad bdun ad ttxemmiment ad sεun isafagen imeqranen ugar. Takebbanit n Boeing (ay d-ixeddmen isafagen), tga yiwen n unadi ay d-yesseknen amek ara yennerni wemḍan (nombre) n yimessukal (imṣufar) s waṭas deg cwiṭ-nni n yiseggasen ay d-itteddun, yerna tifrat ayγef xemmen yemḍebbren n tkebbanit-a nettat d asnulfu n usafag ara izemren ad yerfed ugar n 300 n yimessukal. Aselway n tkebbanit n waffug, Pan American Airways, Juan Trippe, yella seg wid yellan bγan ad tesεu tkebbanit-nsen isafagen imeqranen am wi. Deg wemwan (lexrif) n 1965, yessawel γef temsalt-a akked uselway n tkebbanit n Boeing, William Allen, yerna iga-as ifadden akken ad d-texdem tkebbanit-a asafag ameqran. Pan American Airwas akked Boeing stenyant yiwet n tebṛat n nneyya (letter ḍintention) deg Dujembeṛ n useggas-nni i wakken ad ttekkint deg wesnulfu n usafag-nni ameqran umi ara semmin Boeing 747. Γas asafag-nni werεad ay d-yennulfa, Trippe yetter s webrid unṣib (officiellement) seg Boeing ad as-d-texdem 23 n yisafagen n yimessukal ed 2 n yisafagen n sselεa, d wid ay yebγa ad as-ten-id-swejden i Yebrir n 1966 s wazal n 550 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen. Yuγ lḥal, tikebbaniyin tibeṛṛaniyin n waffug ẓrant nneyya n Pan Am seg wanect-a netta d asseqdec n usafag-nni ameqran n 747 i wakken ad teṭṭef yes-s ssuq n waffug deg umaḍal akken ma yella, dγa ula d nitenti bdant ssuturent seg Boeing ad asent-d-yexdem seg usafag-a.

William Allen

D acu kan, lebni n usafag ameqran am wa d taγawsa iweεṛen aṭas γef Boeing, d tin ayγef ara tqemmer ama s yedrimen, ama s leqdic deg wenrar aydeg werjin tesεi tarmit (ttejṛiba). Yella yessekf γef Boeing ad tebnu asafag ara yilin meγγer ama deg tfekka-nnes, ama deg yimuturen-nnes (akken ad zemren ad refden asafag amaẓay am wa). I lmend n waya, Boeing tga-d ahil (programme) d ameqran yerna tetter seg teṛmist (ccarika) n Pratt & Whitney (tin ay as-d-yettgen imuturen) ad as-d-tesnulfu amutur ijehden ara iwatin taẓyet n usafag-nni ay tebγa ad t-id-tesnulfu. Yuγ lḥal, deg tazwara, Boeing tella ur tesεi ula d lluzin tameqrant ara tt-id-ikafin akken ad tebnu asafag anect n 747. Γef waya, tebna yiwet n lluzin tamaynut, d tin ay yesεan 5,7 n yimelyunen n lmitrat tigasasin (m3), yerna d nettat ay d lluzin iseqqfen tameqrant akk deg umaḍal: akal-nnes yezmer ad yawey 43 n yinurar n tkurt n uḍar. Lluzin tamaynut n Boeing tezga-d deg ugafa n Seattle, yerna tesqam-as-d 200 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen. D aya ay yejjan takebbanit n Boeing ad tettwalas yagi idrimen qbel ad tebdu lebni n usafag-nni. Seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa takti-nni arma ay d asmi ay yebda leqdic γef usafag-nni, Boeing tessefti (investir) yagi 2 n yimelyaṛen n yidulaṛen. Deg 1969, tella Boeing tettṣerrif 6 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen deg wass γef usenfar (projet) n usafag n Boeing 747.

Aselway n Boeing, Allen, d netta ay d-yelhan s yisurifen imezwura n wesnulfu n usafag n 747. Seg wasmi ay testenya tkebbanit n Pan Am agatu (leεqed) akked Boeing akken ad tseγ fell-as isafagen, yeqqel usenfar-nni n 747 yesεa tadbelt (administration) i yiman-nnes, yerna anemhal-nnes (directeur) d Malcolm “Mal” T. Stamper. Argaz-a yella d anmazul n uselway (vice-président) n Boeing deg tallit-nni γas ma yella 4 kan n yiseggasen ay yesεa seg wasmi ay yebda leqdic deg teṛmist-a. D acu kan, Stamper yella d amdan yesεan tarmit (ttejṛiba) tameqrant, imi zik, asmi ay yella iqeddec γer General Motors, yella d netta ay d-yelhan s uheyyi n ttawilat iliktṛuniyen ay sseqdacen yisafagen n Boeing. 50.000 n medden ay yettekkan deg lebni n usafag n Boeing 747. Nnig waya, Boeing tesseqdec 1500 n teṛmisin (ccarikat) i wakken ad d-theyyi akk ttawil ayyes ara d-texdem asafag-a. Lebni n usafag n 747 yeḥwaj 4,5 n yimelyunen n tceqqufin (pièces), yerna ticeqqufin-a gant-tent-id s 75.000 n wunuγen itekniyen (dessins techniques), yerna sγan-tent-id seg qrib akk Iwunak (Etats) n Marikan akked 17 n tmura tibeṛṛaniyin.

Yiwet seg tγawsiwin yesεan azal ameqran akk deg lebni n usafag-a n Boeing nettat d laman. Yuγ lḥal, lemmer ad d-yeγli usafag n 747, ayen ara yemmten deg-s d lγaci ad yagar ayen yettmettaten deg useggas s yisafagen akk niḍen ma njemmel-iten-id. Γef waya, Boeing tesnulfa-d tarrayt (méthode) tamaynut i lmend n wekcaf n kra n lεib deg usafag-nni. Tarrayt-a umi semman “aslaḍ n useklu n leεyub (fault tree analysis)”, d tin yettεawanen ijenyuṛen akken ad ẓren d acu ara yettwaγen lemmer ad yeḥbes kra deg usafag-nni. S waya, asafag n 747 yeqqel d netta ay d asafag amezwaru ay yesqedcen ttawil n laman ayyes amdan yezmer ad yaki i wuguren n usafag qbel ad d-ḍrun.

Asafag n Boeing 747 ay yufgen i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1969 

Asmi ay d-yennulfa usafag-a, akk ayen yeqqnen γer-s yella d amaynut yerna yessewham. Boeing 747 yella yezmer ad yerfed qrib 3 n tikkal anect yezmer ad t-yerfed usafag n Boeing 707 neγ, s wawal niḍen, asafag n 747 yezmer ad yerfed ugar n 400 n yimessukal (imṣufar), yerna yesεa 3 n yidurra n yikersiyen daxel-is.  Deg tazwara, wid ay t-id-yesnulfan xemmen ad t-rren d asafag yesεan sin wannagen (étages) deg ḍḍerf arma d ḍḍerf, d acu kan, mi ssulyen leḥsabat, ufan-d aya ur itteffeγ γef tkebbanit-nni. Yuγ lḥal, lemmer ad yesεu usafag-a 2 n wannagen, ad yiγzif wakud n usserwel n medden seg-s deg tegnit n lḥeṛs. Nnig waya, 2 n wannagen ad sḥeṛsen litteε n usafag-a mi ara yettusseqdec i werfad n sselεa. D aya ay yejjan ijenyuṛen ad d-gen asafag yesεan kan yiwen n wannag akked yiwet n teεrurt γer sdat n tfekka-nnes, d tin aydeg ara yili wannag wis sin, maca d awezlan.

Taεrurt-nni ay yesεa usafag n 747 teqqel d ṣṣifa ayyes yettwaεqal deg umaḍal akk. Deg tazwara, tama-nni n teεrurt tella d tamesrit (aṣalun) i tγimit n kra n yimessukal (imṣafren). Tafekka n usafag n 747 γezzifet 69 n lmitrat. Taseḍḍa-nnes εlayet anect n uzadaγ (lbaṭima) n 6 n wannagen (étages). Mi ara yettussided (être pressurisé) usafag n 747, yezmer ad yerfed yid-s 1 n uṭun n lhawa, yerna taxxamt-nnes n sselεa tezmer ad terfed arma d 3400 n yifecka (bagages). Γef wakken ay d-tenna tkebbanit n Boeing, 7 kan n tedqiqin ay yessekfen akken ad d-sferγen akk ifecka-nni. Afriwen n 747 ttwajebden γer deffir s 37° (n tfesniwin), imi aya d ayen ara yejjen asafag-nni ad yezger imeccaqen imeqranen s tazzla, deg yigenni εlayen. Ticfiṛin n wafriwin-nnes zemrent ad ttwarefdent s leεlu, yerna ṣṣenf-a n tecfiṛin yettwaεreḍ yagi akked usafag n 707. Boeing 747 yezmer ad yerfed aserγu (carburant) ara d-ikafen i tkeṛṛust akken ad ttetteddu 70 n yiseggasen, s 16.093 n yikilumitren i yal aseggas. Asafag n 747 yettwaxdem-d i wakken ad yawey imessukal (imṣafren) am wakken ara yawey sselεa. Γef waya ay as-gan taxxamt-nnes n tenheṛt nnig n wannag-nni (étage) n yimessukal, yerna asafag n 747 ay yettusseqdacen i sselεa yesεa tawwurt γer sdat (deg uγenjur-nnes), d tin ay izemren ad tettwarfed d asawen i lmend n ussekcem n sselεa.

Asafag n Boeing 747 n tkebbanit n waffug talmanit n Lufthansa 

Asafag amezwaru n 747 yeffeγ-d deg wass n 30 Ctembeṛ 1968, qell n 3 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay testenya Pan Am tabṛat-nni n nneyya. Imir-nni, yufa-d lḥal Boeing tṣerref yagi amelyaṛ n yidulaṛen i lmend n wesnulfu n usafag-nni, war ma neḥseb-d idrimen ay tṣerref i lmend n lebni n lluzin-nni tameqrant. Affug amezwaru n Boeing 747 yella-d deg 9 Fuṛaṛ 1969 (s cwiṭ n uεeḍḍel, imi, deg tazwara, ssefran ad d-yili deg 17 Dujembeṛ 1968), d acu kan, Boeing tella mazal tesεa akud arma d talemmast n Dujembeṛ 1969 i wakken ad as-d-tessewjed isafagen-nnes i tkebbanit n Pan Am.

Affugen n uneεruḍ ay d-yellan gar Fuṛaṛ ed Dujembeṛ kecfen-d aṭas n wuguren deg usafag-a. Ugur ameqran akk seg-sen netta d win n yimuturen-nnes imi ay llan ur jhiden. Yuγ lḥal, gar wasmi ay ssulyen leḥsabat imezwura akken ad d-gen asafag-nni ed yimuturen-nnes, akked wasmi ay d-yeffeγ usafag-nni ay bdan εerrḍen-t, Boeing 747 rnan-as deg lmizan, dγa d aya ay yejjan imuturen-nni-nnes imezwura ur zemmren ad t-refden akken iwuta. Yuγ lḥal, ula asmi ay yebda usafag n 747 yettuγellat deg Yennayer n 1970. D aya ay yejjan tikebbaniyin-nni ay yessutren asafag-a ad qqiment kan ad ttṛajunt melmi ara tefru temsalt-a. Deg tezwara n 1970, takebbanit n Boeing tella tesεa azal n 30 n yisafagen ifuken s lebni, maca ḥebsen tama n lluzin-nnes imi takebbanit n Pratt & Whitney tella werεad ur tfuk asseγtu (aṣeḥḥeḥ) n leεyub n umutur n JT-9D. Arma ay yekka useggas ay ssawḍen yijenyuṛen ad frun uguren-nni n umutur. D acu kan, ussan-nni, tadamsa tamarikanit tekcem deg tallit n taẓyet, neqsen yedrimen ay la rebbḥent tkebbaniyin n waffug, dγa d aya ay tent-yejjan ur ttnadint ad sγent isafagen imaynuten. Aya qrib yessaweḍ Boeing ad tefles.

D acu kan, Boeing ur tεeḍḍel tebda tettarra-d idrimen n wayen ay tessefta. Deg tgara n yiseggasen n 1970 ed tezwara n yiseggasen n 1980, bdant tkebbaniyin n waffug ttakint i lfayda n usafag ameqran am Boeing 747, dγa aṭas ay yebdan ssaγent seg-s. 

Deg yiseggasen n 1980, Boeing tebda tqeddec i lmend n wesnulfu n yiwen n usafag ara yesεun annag (étage) n ufella γezzifen ugar. D win umi tsemma 747-300, yerna taεrurt-nnes (annag wis sin) tesεa amkan i tγilit n yimessukal (imṣufar) γezzuf s 7 n lmitrar ugar n usafag-nni 747 amezwaru. Sakkin, deg 1985, Boeing tesnulfa-d asafag n 747-400 ay yifen wis sin-nni. Aneggaru-a meγγer yerna yejhed ugar. Yezmer ad yafeg ugar γer lbeεd yerna rnan-as 1,8 m (lmitra ticcer 8) n litteε deg teγzef n “teεrurt-nni-nnes”, am wakken ay as-gan tafriwin timecṭuḥin deg ḍḍerf n wafriwen-nnes akken ad sneqsent seg uzzuγer n lwaha. Asafag-a amaynut yezmer ad yerfed seg 416 γer 524 n yimessukal.

Ula d tasenfelt-a (version) tamaynut n Boeing tella teccuṛ d uguren, deg tazwara, ladγa imi tikebbaniyin llant simal rennunt ssuturent isafagen ara yesεun tiknussniwin (technologies) timaynutin, yili Boeing tella werεad ur asent-tessin mliḥ i teknussniwin-a. D aya ay yejjan azalen n yisafagen-a ad rnun mliḥ, yerna Boeing terra-tt tmara ad tessemγer ahilen-nnes (programmes). S waya, arma ay d 29 Yebrir 1988 ay yufeg usafag n 747-400 i tikkelt tamezwarut.

Maca uguren n Boeing werεad fuken. Yuγ lḥal, Boeing teẓẓeε aṭas n yiqeddacen tagara-nni, yerna iqeddacen imaynuten ay d-tessekcem llan ur sεin tarmit (ttejṛiba) deg tγawsiwin-nni timaynutin ay tebγa ad tent-id-teg Boeing. I wakken ad tqader Boeing ahilen-nnes (programmes), tumeṛ iqeddacen-nnes akken ad qeddcen tisaεtin n zzyada, dγa qqlen yiqeddacen-nnes qeddcen, s umata, gar 50 ed 60 n ledwaṛ i useggas. Yuγ lḥal, ula d isafagen niḍen n Boeing ban seεεun uguren yerna imsaγen (imectura) n tkebbanit-a llan simal rennun ttcetkin-d seg leεyub n yisafagen n Boeing. D aya ay yejjan Tadbelt Tafidiṛalit n Temsafga (Federal Aviation Administration) ad tebdu assenqed d ameqran i wakk isafagen n Boeing ay d-yettwaxedmen seg 1980 d asawen akken ad ẓren ma yella sεan kra n leεyub ara ḍurren laman n yimessukal (imṣufar). Seg tama niḍen, iqeddacen-nni n Boeing ay yettuḥettmen ad qedcen tisaεtin n zzyada εyan yerna rfan, yerna d aya ay ten-yejjan ad gen assunded (grève) n 48 n wussan deg wemwan (lexrif) n 1989. Aya yegla-as-d i Boeing s lexṣara tameqrant mliḥ deg yedrimen.

I wakken ad d-tessuffeγ Boeing iman-nnes seg tlufa-a, tebda tetteg issilγen (formations) igerrzen i yiqeddacen-nnes, yerna tesselha tarrayin-nnes (méthodes) n leqdic. Menγir asafag-nni amaynut n yimessukal, Boeing terna-d asafag amaynut n sselεa, d win umi tsemma 747-400F, yerna asafag-a yezmer ad yerfed 129 n yiṭunen n sselεa, yerna yezmer ad yafeg γer lbeεd ugar n usafag-nni amezwaru n sselεa 747-200F. Nnig waya, yesserγay 16% n userγu (carburant) qell n weqbur-nni. Deg 1990, lluzin n 747 tella tessuffuγ-d yiwen n usafag n 747-400 yal 6 n wussan.

Asafag n Boeing 747 ibubb tamrarayt (navette) n NASA

NASA (Tadbelt Tamarikanit n Ussilel deg Yigenni akked Tallunt) tbeddel sin n yisafagen n 747 i wakken ad zemren ad reffden tamrarayt n tallunt (navette spatiale) seg wemkan γer wayeḍ deg Marikan. Deg 1990, Taselwit (présidence) tamarikanit tesγa-d, ula d nettat, sin n yisafagen n 747 akken ad qqlen d isafagen n uselway n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (Air Force One). Naqal, iselwayen imarikaniyen llan ssakalen (ttṣafaren) deg sin yisafagen n 707 ay yettusqedcen qrib 30 n yiseggasen.

Deg 1993, Boeing texdem-d asafag n 747 wis 1000, yerna simal llant tkebbaniyin ssuturent-d ugar seg yisafagen-a. Deg 1995, 83 n tkebbaniyin n waffug seg wakk timiwa n umaḍal ay yellan sseqdacent asafag n 747. Deg Meγres n 2001, taṛmist (ccarika) n Boeing tenna-d ma yella tkemmel tesselhay asafag-nnes n 747-400, imsaγen-nnes (imectura) mazal ad kemmlen ad d-ssaγen ed ad sseqdacen isafagen-a i waṭas n yiseggasen seg-a γer sdat.

Sγur Judy Rumerman

Tasuqilt: Omar Mouffok (Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen – www.imedyazen.com)

Taγbalut:http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Boeing_747/Aero21.htm